the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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• • • • • • • Give communities incentives to engage in sustained development and conservation activities; Establish clear links between the reception of benefits and the existence of natural resources; Ensure that a fair share of benefits is realised at the local level and benefits acquired from resources from a locality are distributed as widely as feasible within the locality; Recognise the value of all species as contributors to a naturally functioning ecological unit; Encourage the investment of community benefits gained from natural resources into activities that will not adversely affect those resources or otherwise hinder the viability of ecological systems; Enhance community autonomy through programmes directed towards community self-reliance, with democratic and transparent participatory mechanisms; and Ensure respect for the needs of all members of society (Republic of Botswana CBNRM Policy, 2000). The overall objective of Botswana's CBNRM Policy is to validate CBNRM as a foundation for conservation based development. The specific CBNRM policy objectives are to: • Enhance the conservation of Botswana's natural resources; • Enhance economic and social development in rural areas by providing qualified communities opportunities to earn benefits from natural resource conservation; 324
• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clarify natural resource rights that may be delegated to communities, including rights of management, use, access, and exclusion and the steps required for communities to gain such rights; Establish a regulatory structure that encourages investment in communities, conserves natural resources and links conservation with rural development; Initiate conservation strategies that are based on an ecosystem perspective, and include natural resource monitoring and management programmes to ensure species and ecosystem health; Facilitate government financial and institutional support, including support for conservation, business planning, marketing and extension services; Provide opportunities for community participation and capacity building regarding natural resource management; and Respect the integrity, importance, and distinctions of cultural traditions by allowing communities to identify and define their own development goals and priorities (Republic of Botswana CBNRM Policy, 2000). Community Perceptions Towards Community Based Natural Resource Management According to Mbaiwa (2002), the population of Ngamiland District generally regard the implementation of the CBNRM programme, through the creation of community based tourism ventures, as a good idea. Community-based organisation members, as well as households in the villages of Khwai, Seronga and Disthiping (see Figure 5.4 in chapter five), all of which have developed community-based tourism ventures, generally regard community-based tourism as a positive development which should be encouraged. According to Mbaiwa (2002), 76.9 percent of the population in Khwai, Seronga and Disthiping believe that community-based tourism is a good idea as it has resulted in the creation of employment opportunities and has generated much revenue for the people in the district. The 23.1 percent of the villagers who do 325
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
Page 298 and 299: Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
Page 300 and 301: Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
Page 302 and 303: CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
Page 304 and 305: natural resources of water and pris
Page 306 and 307: According to personal interviews co
Page 308 and 309: • • • • • • • • Dea
Page 310 and 311: Experience shows that some animals,
Page 312 and 313: inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
Page 314 and 315: control is vested with central gove
Page 316 and 317: conservation area. This led to conf
Page 318 and 319: Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
Page 320 and 321: 7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
Page 322 and 323: Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
Page 324 and 325: Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
Page 326 and 327: Botswana because populations of bot
Page 328 and 329: Delta, while previously inhabitants
Page 330 and 331: facilities that do not have boats,
Page 332 and 333: • • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
Page 334: different products, wood is perhaps
Page 337 and 338: Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
Page 339 and 340: populations in the rivers have drop
Page 341 and 342: The importance of people remaining
Page 343 and 344: CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
Page 345 and 346: the wildlife populations and their
Page 347: no longer an important livelihood s
Page 351 and 352: Leases are given for 15 year period
Page 353 and 354: Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
Page 355 and 356: 7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
Page 357 and 358: at the same time allowing them to d
Page 359 and 360: eports on financial management and
Page 361 and 362: Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
Page 363 and 364: their land, etc., such as cash, mea
Page 365 and 366: 7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
Page 367 and 368: 8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
Page 369 and 370: tourists in an area provide a sourc
Page 371 and 372: are left to perform all the traditi
Page 373 and 374: 8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
Page 375 and 376: the country. As a result, it is ass
Page 377 and 378: most of these impacts remain unchec
Page 379 and 380: According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
Page 381 and 382: 8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
Page 383 and 384: permeability. Pollutants can theref
Page 385 and 386: iverine systems. According to Tache
Page 387 and 388: implement laws and regulations cont
Page 389 and 390: and resulted in the publication of
Page 391 and 392: lowest, and substantial proportions
Page 393: Angola considered the construction
Page 396 and 397: ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
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Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
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9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
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Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
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Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
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State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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