the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ... the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
etc. Table 6.26 shows the various types of park fees that were paid by tourists and tour operators at the Moremi Game Reserve, which accrued to the government, from 1998 to 2001 (Mbaiwa, 2002). Table 6.26: Types of Fees Paid by Tourists at Moremi Game Reserve From 1998 to 2001 (Pula) Deposits Year Entry Fees Camping Vehicles Boat Aircraft Other for Total Bookings 1998 3195160 466617 222485 2385 4564 2157 475796 4373452 1999 3006140 423238 231 798 3760 7776 4241 508095 4175012 2000 2001 5171 289 407207 490124 3810 11 750 1000 113052 6198232 Source: Adapted From Department of Wildlife and National Parks, 2000; Mbaiwa, 2002. (Data for 2000 is not available). Maun Airport, the principal airport used by tourists who visit the Okavango Delta has also become a major source of government revenue in Ngamiland District. Table 6.27 shows that in 2000, the Department of Civil Aviation collected Pula 567 871 from the various fees charged to passengers, aircrafts and tour operators for using airport facilities (Department of Civil Aviation, 2001). Table 6.27: Revenue Collected at Maun Airport in 2000 Type of Fee Revenue Collected (in Pula) Landing fees 170107 Parking fees 6353 Temporary Air Service Permit 44380 Passenger service fee 68743 En route charges 205311 Other 71977 Total 567871 Source: Adapted From Department of Civil Aviation, 2001. It is evident that the contribution of tourism to government revenue has been increasing with the growth of tourism in the country. The increase has been a result of the establishment and improvements made to several tourism sectors over the last decade. Of particular relevance to the Okavango Delta is the increase in 264
evenue collection from the various fees charged at Maun Airport and the Moremi Game Reserve. 6.4.3 Creation of Employment One of the most important economic impacts of tourism in the Okavango Delta is its potential to create employment for the local population. The extent to which employment is created is, however, influenced by the degree of linkages between tourism and other sectors of the economy. There are a total of 85 permanent hotels, lodges and safari camps in the Okavango Delta, and up to an estimated 45 non permanent safari camps in the area. According to the questionnaires completed by the managers of hotels, lodges and safari camps in the Okavango Delta, these facilities generally hire, on average, anything between five and sixty black Motswana staff members, including waitrons, grounds people, cleaners, tour guides, boat operators, drivers, cooks, kitchen staff, etc. (Table 6.28). Table 6.28: Approximate Employment Figures for Interviewed Hotels, Lodges and Safari Camps in the Okavango Delta (2003/2004) Employee Type Permanent Emplyees Seasonal Employees Total Waitron 400 90 490 Grounds Person/Gardener 480 40 520 Cleaner 500 50 550 Tour Guide/Boat Operator/Driver 200 150 350 Kitchenstaff/Cook 400 100 500 Total 1980 430 2410 A similar survey was conducted by Scout Wilson Consultants in April 2001, on the employment figures of the various safari camps and lodges in the Okavango Delta. Their findings indicated that a total of 735 people were employed in 20 safari camps and lodges in the Delta. This means that, according to their figures, a total of approximately 3000 people would be employed in the 85 permanent hotels, lodges and safari camps in the Okavango area, which is around 34 percent of the formal employment in the tourism sector in Botswana. 265
- Page 237 and 238: for several consecutive years, the
- Page 239 and 240: and water, but fortunately the Bots
- Page 241 and 242: It is in the context of the above t
- Page 243 and 244: income, and presumably high spendin
- Page 245 and 246: Although several researchers noted
- Page 247 and 248: In order for local Botswana citizen
- Page 249: Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
- Page 252 and 253: Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
- Page 254 and 255: earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
- Page 256 and 257: eference to the Okavango Delta regi
- Page 258 and 259: With regards to tourist/visitor num
- Page 260 and 261: European and North American origin,
- Page 262: most direct economic impacts of tou
- Page 265 and 266: Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
- Page 267 and 268: tend to vary in terms of standards
- Page 269 and 270: Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
- Page 271 and 272: validated by the Tawana Land Board
- Page 273 and 274: companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
- Page 275 and 276: Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
- Page 277 and 278: Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
- Page 279 and 280: indicates that Botswana has more ar
- Page 281 and 282: 6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
- Page 283 and 284: weakest with agriculture, construct
- Page 285 and 286: As noted earlier, the greater major
- Page 287: Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
- Page 291 and 292: Despite these conflicting employmen
- Page 294 and 295: According to the study carried out
- Page 296 and 297: management positions in the tourism
- Page 298 and 299: Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
- Page 300 and 301: Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
- Page 302 and 303: CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
- Page 304 and 305: natural resources of water and pris
- Page 306 and 307: According to personal interviews co
- Page 308 and 309: • • • • • • • • Dea
- Page 310 and 311: Experience shows that some animals,
- Page 312 and 313: inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
- Page 314 and 315: control is vested with central gove
- Page 316 and 317: conservation area. This led to conf
- Page 318 and 319: Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
- Page 320 and 321: 7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
- Page 322 and 323: Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
- Page 324 and 325: Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
- Page 326 and 327: Botswana because populations of bot
- Page 328 and 329: Delta, while previously inhabitants
- Page 330 and 331: facilities that do not have boats,
- Page 332 and 333: • • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
- Page 334: different products, wood is perhaps
- Page 337 and 338: Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
etc. Table 6.26 shows <strong>the</strong> various types <strong>of</strong> park fees that were paid by tourists and<br />
tour operators at <strong>the</strong> Moremi Game Reserve, which accrued to <strong>the</strong> government, from<br />
1998 to 2001 (Mbaiwa, 2002).<br />
Table 6.26: Types <strong>of</strong> Fees Paid by Tourists at Moremi Game Reserve<br />
From 1998 to 2001 (Pula)<br />
Deposits<br />
Year Entry Fees Camp<strong>in</strong>g Vehicles Boat Aircraft O<strong>the</strong>r for Total<br />
Book<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
1998 3195160 466617 222485 2385 4564 2157 475796 4373452<br />
1999 3006140 423238 231 798 3760 7776 4241 508095 4175012<br />
2000<br />
2001 5171 289 407207 490124 3810 11 750 1000 113052 6198232<br />
Source: Adapted From Department <strong>of</strong> Wildlife and National Parks, 2000; Mbaiwa,<br />
2002. (Data for 2000 is not available).<br />
Maun Airport, <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal airport used by tourists who visit <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta has<br />
also become a major source <strong>of</strong> government revenue <strong>in</strong> Ngamiland District. Table<br />
6.27 shows that <strong>in</strong> 2000, <strong>the</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Aviation collected Pula 567 871<br />
from <strong>the</strong> various fees charged to passengers, aircrafts and tour operators for us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
airport facilities (Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Aviation, 2001).<br />
Table 6.27: Revenue Collected at Maun Airport <strong>in</strong> 2000<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> Fee Revenue Collected (<strong>in</strong> Pula)<br />
Land<strong>in</strong>g fees 170107<br />
Park<strong>in</strong>g fees 6353<br />
Temporary Air Service Permit 44380<br />
Passenger service fee 68743<br />
En route charges 205311<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r 71977<br />
Total 567871<br />
Source: Adapted From Department <strong>of</strong> Civil Aviation, 2001.<br />
It is evident that <strong>the</strong> contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> to government revenue has been<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> country. The <strong>in</strong>crease has been a result<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> establishment and improvements made to several <strong>tourism</strong> sectors over <strong>the</strong><br />
last decade. Of particular relevance to <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta is <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong><br />
264