the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ... the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
Table 6.20: Total Revenue Generated From National Parks and Game Reserves in Botswana (Pula) (1998 - 2000) Park/Reserve 1998 1999 2000 Central Kalahari 329920 539915 779744 Chobe 5262028 4849685 12882401 Gemsbok 296129 535189 706009 Khutse 315983 289520 677270 Makgadikgadi 127184 156563 115987 Moremi 4301 275 4402121 5698198 NxaiPan 229508 510490 249288 Total 10826027 11283483 21108897 Source: Adapted From The Republic of Botswana National Development Plan Nine, 2003. If a tourism industry is to have a significant impact on the economy of a country, it must have strong linkages with the rest of the country's domestic economy. Table 6.21 shows the tourism sectors linkages with other sectors in Botswana. Table 6.21: Share of Tourism Related Output by Economic Sector (as a percentage) Sector Percentage Agriculture 0.5 Mining - Manufacturing 2.0 Water and Electricity 0.5 Construction 0.5 Wholesale and Retail Trade 3.0 Hotels and Restaurants 71.0 Transport 8.3 Banking and Insurance Services 2.6 General Government 3.2 Social and Personnel Services 10.1 Source: Adapted From Bank of Botswana, 1999; Mbaiwa, 2002. As can be seen from Table 6.21, the hotel and restaurant sector has the strongest linkages with the tourism industry, yielding 71.0 percent output. Linkages are 258
weakest with agriculture, construction, water and electricity (Bank of Botswana, 1999; Mbaiwa, 2002). According to the Botswana Tourism Development Programme (BTDP, 1999), the hotel and restaurant sub-sector generated 43 percent of the total tourism GDP in 1999, with the remaining 57 percent coming from other economic sectors such as wholesale trade, transport, banks, insurance and business services. The majority of tourists visiting the Okavango Delta come from Europe and North America (Table 6.7; Figure 6.3). This has great implications for the generation of foreign exchange for the region as well as impact on the balance of payments. The economic role of international tourism in the region can be examined through both the tourist trade balance and the share of tourism receipts in total exports. The share of tourism receipt in total exports is inversely related to the size of a region, especially in GNP terms (Table 6.22) (Briguglio et aI, 1996). Table 6.22: Total National Receipts From Tourism (Botswana, 2001) Year US $ Million 1995 162 1996 184 1997 184 Source: Adapted From Africa Contemporary Record, 2001. With regard to the indirect economic impact or the multiplier effect of international tourism, the larger the region, the higher the tourism multiplier. This is due to the magnitude of the multiplier depending largely on the degree of tourist goods and services supplied domestically, and how closely various sectors of the economy are linked. In a large country or region, a more diversified resource base and a complete industry system will enable it to enjoy both a high level of inter-industry linkages and a low level of leakage, as most of the international tourists demand can be met by domestic products. In a small state or region, such as the Okavango Delta, the small scale and limited variety of industries limit the range and volume of linkages and enforce the need for imports (Table 6.23) (Briguglio et aI, 1996). 259
- Page 232 and 233: government also provides 85 percent
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- Page 267 and 268: tend to vary in terms of standards
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Table 6.20: Total Revenue Generated From National Parks and Game Reserves<br />
<strong>in</strong> Botswana (Pula) (1998 - 2000)<br />
Park/Reserve 1998 1999 2000<br />
Central Kalahari 329920 539915 779744<br />
Chobe 5262028 4849685 12882401<br />
Gemsbok 296129 535189 706009<br />
Khutse 315983 289520 677270<br />
Makgadikgadi 127184 156563 115987<br />
Moremi 4301 275 4402121 5698198<br />
NxaiPan 229508 510490 249288<br />
Total 10826027 11283483 21108897<br />
Source: Adapted From The Republic <strong>of</strong> Botswana National Development Plan N<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
2003.<br />
If a <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry is to have a significant impact on <strong>the</strong> economy <strong>of</strong> a country, it<br />
must have strong l<strong>in</strong>kages with <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country's domestic economy. Table<br />
6.21 shows <strong>the</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> sectors l<strong>in</strong>kages with o<strong>the</strong>r sectors <strong>in</strong> Botswana.<br />
Table 6.21: Share <strong>of</strong> Tourism Related Output by Economic Sector<br />
(as a percentage)<br />
Sector Percentage<br />
Agriculture 0.5<br />
M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g -<br />
Manufactur<strong>in</strong>g 2.0<br />
Water and Electricity 0.5<br />
Construction 0.5<br />
Wholesale and Retail Trade 3.0<br />
Hotels and Restaurants 71.0<br />
Transport 8.3<br />
Bank<strong>in</strong>g and Insurance Services 2.6<br />
General Government 3.2<br />
Social and Personnel Services 10.1<br />
Source: Adapted From Bank <strong>of</strong> Botswana, 1999; Mbaiwa, 2002.<br />
As can be seen from Table 6.21, <strong>the</strong> hotel and restaurant sector has <strong>the</strong> strongest<br />
l<strong>in</strong>kages with <strong>the</strong> <strong>tourism</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry, yield<strong>in</strong>g 71.0 percent output. L<strong>in</strong>kages are<br />
258
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