the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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days in the region, while independent tourists usually spend around 10 days in the Delta. Table 6.12 shows the total number of days/nights that were spent by the various tourist categories in the Moremi Game Reserve between 1997 and 2001 (DWNP, 2002; Main, 2001). Table 6.12: The Total Number of Days/Nights Spent by Tourists in the Moremi Game Reserve, 1997 - 2001 Year Independent Tourists Mobile Tourists High-Cost Tourists Total 1997 20832 22039 30951 73822 1998 26898 27313 40668 94879 1999 27694 26963 33681 88338 2000 12818 19118 25478 57414 2001 11 002 12907 28926 52835 Source: Adapted From Main, 2001; DWNP, 2002. Table 6.12 shows that high-cost tourists generally spend more days in the Okavango than the other two categories of tourists. High-cost tourists also contribute more revenue than other photographic tourists in the Delta, the implications of which will be discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 6.3.4.3 Tourist or Visitor Expenditure Visitor expenditure represents the total amount of money that tourists are expected to spend in tourist destination areas such as the Okavango Delta. Spending patterns vary with different categories of tourists. Consultations with managers of various lodges and safari camps throughout the Delta indicated that high-cost tourists (who are the main group of photographic tourists in the Delta) spend, on average, between US$ 4 000 to 6 000 each during a 6 - 10 day stay in the Okavango. Mobile tourists have a range of packages and opportunities on offer to them, and hence their expenditures vary greatly from less than US$ 200 to over US$ 5 000. Independent (self-drive; low-cost) tourists, particularly those from South Africa and expatriate Botswana residents, spend very little in the Okavango Delta. In most cases they carry their own camping equipment, food, petrol, and spare wheels. Generally, their main expenditure in the Delta is park entry fees and vehicle taxes. 244
Safari hunters or spot (commercial) hunters are the biggest spenders in the Okavango Delta. For example, a hunter who stays in the Delta for a month with Ranns Safari Camp to hunt an elephant would pay up to US$ 150 000 (Pula 900 000) (Mbaiwa, 2002). Table 6.13 shows the average prices charged at accommodation facilities in the Okavango Delta. Table 6.13: Average Prices for Accommodation Facilities in the Okavango Delta and Panhandle Region (US$) (2002) Room Type Average Price pip Sharing Lodge/Hotel in Maun US$ 80 - 100 per night (Pula 500) Luxurious Lodge in Delta US$ 300 - 500 per night (Pula 2000 - 3000) Up-Market Tented Safari Camp US$ 50 - 200 per night (Pula 300 - 1200) Basic Campsite US$ 8 per night (Pula 50) Moremi Game Reserve Entrance Average Price per Fee: Person per Day: Botswana Citizen: Pula 10 Vehicle Entry Fees: Botswana Resident: Pula 30 Foreiqner: Pula 120 Source: Adapted from Main, 2001, p. 109. Botswana Registered Private Vehicle: Pula 10 per day ForeiQn ReQistered Private Vehicle: Pula 50 oer day As can be seen from Table 6.13, most accommodation facilities charge prices well beyond the means of the local population, whose average monthly incomes range from Pula 441 to Pula 731 (Republic of Botswana Statistical Bulletin, 2001). Naturally, high-cost tourists are the most 'valuable' type of tourist to the Botswana Government due to the amount of revenue they generate. As such, the government is increasingly putting structures in place which will encourage the dominance of this type of tourist in the country. For example, according to Main (2001), all tourists have access to the Okavango Delta and Moremi Game Reserve, but it is now becoming increasingly difficult to get into these areas, except in the company of a licensed operator, due to bureaucratic controls, and the location of concession areas, etc. As a result, it is easier for high-cost tourists, who take part in package tours run by tour operators to travel throughout the Okavango Delta, than it is for the 245
Page 1 and 2:
;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
Page 218 and 219: natural resources and to increase t
Page 220 and 221: ineffective in ensuring that all to
Page 222 and 223: development which emphasise the par
Page 224 and 225: The National Conservation Strategy
Page 226 and 227: The growth of tourism in the Okavan
Page 228 and 229: fifteen year period. The community-
Page 230 and 231: • The 5-year review policy left m
Page 232 and 233: government also provides 85 percent
Page 235 and 236: Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
Page 237 and 238: for several consecutive years, the
Page 239 and 240: and water, but fortunately the Bots
Page 241 and 242: It is in the context of the above t
Page 243 and 244: income, and presumably high spendin
Page 245 and 246: Although several researchers noted
Page 247 and 248: In order for local Botswana citizen
Page 249: Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
Page 252 and 253: Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
Page 254 and 255: earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
Page 256 and 257: eference to the Okavango Delta regi
Page 258 and 259: With regards to tourist/visitor num
Page 260 and 261: European and North American origin,
Page 262: most direct economic impacts of tou
Page 265 and 266: Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
Page 267: tend to vary in terms of standards
Page 271 and 272: validated by the Tawana Land Board
Page 273 and 274: companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
Page 275 and 276: Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
Page 279 and 280: indicates that Botswana has more ar
Page 281 and 282: 6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
Page 283 and 284: weakest with agriculture, construct
Page 285 and 286: As noted earlier, the greater major
Page 287 and 288: Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
Page 289 and 290: evenue collection from the various
Page 291 and 292: Despite these conflicting employmen
Page 294 and 295: According to the study carried out
Page 296 and 297: management positions in the tourism
Page 298 and 299: Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
Page 300 and 301: Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
Page 302 and 303: CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
Page 304 and 305: natural resources of water and pris
Page 306 and 307: According to personal interviews co
Page 308 and 309: • • • • • • • • Dea
Page 310 and 311: Experience shows that some animals,
Page 312 and 313: inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
Page 314 and 315: control is vested with central gove
Page 316 and 317: conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417:
Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441:
9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
Page 442 and 443:
Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445:
Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486:
Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488:
State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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