the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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Regardless of attempts to involve the local population in the tourism industry, most Motswana have never been significantly exposed to it, and have received no real benefits from its development (http://wildnetafrica.co.za...Botswana). There is concern that the Batswana are not aware of the potential of tourism, nor supportive of its conservation, due to a lack of understanding by the local population of the industry, and because most Motswana experience no benefits from tourism. There is a need to develop special packages to encourage the Batswana to enjoy tourist facilities, particularly during the low season. The focus of tourism should not rest solely on wilderness, so as to open up other areas of the country to benefit from tourism revenues. As Ms. Tswelopele Moremi stated "...tourism in Botswana should not just be about wildlife and wilderness. There is a need to blend our tourism with our culture, sports and the protection and development of historical sites, national monuments and museums" (http://wildnetafrica.co.za...Botswana. 2003, p. 2). In economic terms, tourism in Botswana has steadily grown in importance since the early 1990s, and increasingly has the potential to become the country's key engine of growth. Tourism currently contributes 6 percent to GDP and employs 4,2 percent of the total population. Tourism contributes approximately P270 million per annum, and hotel capacity has increased to 70 percent over the years due to the construction of more hotels. Botswana contains many possibilities for tourism investment, and while there is a move towards more ownership and investment by local people, foreigners are still welcome, especially those with experience and the ability to provide local employment and the ecologically sustainable development of Botswana's natural resources. The Minister of Commerce and Industry has predicted that tourism will be a one billion Pula industry by 2015 (http://www.botswana-online.com...htm). The weaknesses in Botswana's current tourism industry include the fact that the geographical investment base is too small, as it is concentrated in the north and northwest. Access by tourists is also difficult in many places, while distances that must be travelled to reach popular tourist destinations are vast. The public sector also lacks awareness of the tourism industry imperatives, while there is a chronic shortage of local management and technical skills (Mmegi, 2002). 222
In order for local Botswana citizens to become involved in the tourism industry in any significant way, there is a need to put aside 'personal jealousies and prejudices', in order to bring together experienced locals who could form consortia to buy into and/or buy out from well established larger tourist operators (Mmegi, 2002). Botswana prides itself on high tourist standards due to the 'Iow-volume, high-value' concept. This, however, is not necessarily true. The standards of services in many tourist areas do not match, or give value for the rates charges. There is also a danger of tourist products on offer, such as the uninhabited and unspoiled wilderness areas of Botswana being destroyed through inappropriate or unplanned development. Due to the segregation of most of the local population from the tourism industry, there is an increasing risk of xenophobia, or resentment towards foreigners by Motswanas, which quickly alienates the sector, and hence potential foreign investors (Mmegi, 2002). 223
Page 1 and 2:
;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
Page 196 and 197: The leader in each San band or grou
Page 198 and 199: Descendants of San groups that live
Page 200 and 201: 5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
Page 202 and 203: payment of tribute as a way of ensu
Page 204 and 205: more rifles, European-made clothing
Page 206 and 207: wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
Page 208 and 209: However, Rey was anxious to establi
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
Page 212 and 213: other hand, veterinary officers wer
Page 214 and 215: • • • • As with other natur
Page 216 and 217: • Problems with solid waste dispo
Page 218 and 219: natural resources and to increase t
Page 220 and 221: ineffective in ensuring that all to
Page 222 and 223: development which emphasise the par
Page 224 and 225: The National Conservation Strategy
Page 226 and 227: The growth of tourism in the Okavan
Page 228 and 229: fifteen year period. The community-
Page 230 and 231: • The 5-year review policy left m
Page 232 and 233: government also provides 85 percent
Page 235 and 236: Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
Page 237 and 238: for several consecutive years, the
Page 239 and 240: and water, but fortunately the Bots
Page 241 and 242: It is in the context of the above t
Page 243 and 244: income, and presumably high spendin
Page 245: Although several researchers noted
Page 249: Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
Page 252 and 253: Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
Page 254 and 255: earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
Page 256 and 257: eference to the Okavango Delta regi
Page 258 and 259: With regards to tourist/visitor num
Page 260 and 261: European and North American origin,
Page 262: most direct economic impacts of tou
Page 265 and 266: Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
Page 267 and 268: tend to vary in terms of standards
Page 269 and 270: Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
Page 271 and 272: validated by the Tawana Land Board
Page 273 and 274: companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
Page 275 and 276: Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
Page 279 and 280: indicates that Botswana has more ar
Page 281 and 282: 6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
Page 283 and 284: weakest with agriculture, construct
Page 285 and 286: As noted earlier, the greater major
Page 287 and 288: Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
Page 289 and 290: evenue collection from the various
Page 291 and 292: Despite these conflicting employmen
Page 294 and 295: According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417:
Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
Page 422 and 423:
As such, this study has revealed th
Page 424 and 425:
The development of tourism in the O
Page 426 and 427:
9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
Page 430 and 431:
Thirdly, almost the only interest e
Page 432 and 433:
The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441:
9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445:
Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486:
Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488:
State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
Page 489 and 490:
10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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