the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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Figure 5.11: The combined seasonal distribution of wildebeest, hartebeest and eland *The arrows indicate the general pattern of seasonal movement as the animals search for food and water. Source: Crowe, 1995. 5.4.2.16 The Okavango Delta and the Fences Even though large numbers of wildlife died along the fences while seeking water during droughts, in a notable 'turning of the tables', during similar drought periods in the Okavango region in the early 1980s the fences in fact ensured that cattle could not gain access to the Delta's resources, preserving them for the wildlife that lived in the region. During these severe droughts there were constant demands that the Southern Buffalo Fence be dropped to allow ranches access to the Delta's grazing 214
and water, but fortunately the Botswana Government refused, and for once the fences served the interests of the wildlife (Bailey, 1998). Prior to the fences being erected, the Okavango region had been protected from cattle largely by the presence of tsetse fly. After the tsetse fly population plummeted during the rinderpest epidemic in 1894, the entire region was opened up to cattle farmers: cattle posts and trails spread across the area, especially in areas close to waterways like the Khwai River. However, the fly population recovered before the cattle had become too entrenched here, and humans and their herds were once again driven to the periphery of the Delta - where, with the help of the fences (which today virtually surround the Delta) they have remained (Figure 5.12). Today, thanks to the use of chemical poisons, tsetse fly populations no longer protect the Delta, and it is solely the veterinary fences, which initially so enraged conservationists and environmentalists, that protect the area from large-scale cattle ranching activities. In effect the fences have created a protected wilderness area far larger than any of the ones formally in existence. Together with Moremi Game Reserve, the Chobe National Park to the northeast, and the buffer zones of the peripheral wildlife management areas and controlled hunting areas, the Okavango is one of the largest wilderness areas left in the world today. With the enclosing fences, it is probably one of the more secure (Bailey, 1998). 215
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
Page 187 and 188: farmer who supplies crops to the vi
Page 189 and 190: I Unlike consumptive resource utili
Page 191 and 192: southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
Page 194 and 195: Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
Page 196 and 197: The leader in each San band or grou
Page 198 and 199: Descendants of San groups that live
Page 200 and 201: 5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
Page 202 and 203: payment of tribute as a way of ensu
Page 204 and 205: more rifles, European-made clothing
Page 206 and 207: wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
Page 208 and 209: However, Rey was anxious to establi
Page 210 and 211: Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
Page 212 and 213: other hand, veterinary officers wer
Page 214 and 215: • • • • As with other natur
Page 216 and 217: • Problems with solid waste dispo
Page 218 and 219: natural resources and to increase t
Page 220 and 221: ineffective in ensuring that all to
Page 222 and 223: development which emphasise the par
Page 224 and 225: The National Conservation Strategy
Page 226 and 227: The growth of tourism in the Okavan
Page 228 and 229: fifteen year period. The community-
Page 230 and 231: • The 5-year review policy left m
Page 232 and 233: government also provides 85 percent
Page 235 and 236: Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
Page 237: for several consecutive years, the
Page 241 and 242: It is in the context of the above t
Page 243 and 244: income, and presumably high spendin
Page 245 and 246: Although several researchers noted
Page 247 and 248: In order for local Botswana citizen
Page 249: Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
Page 252 and 253: Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
Page 254 and 255: earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
Page 256 and 257: eference to the Okavango Delta regi
Page 258 and 259: With regards to tourist/visitor num
Page 260 and 261: European and North American origin,
Page 262: most direct economic impacts of tou
Page 265 and 266: Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
Page 267 and 268: tend to vary in terms of standards
Page 269 and 270: Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
Page 271 and 272: validated by the Tawana Land Board
Page 273 and 274: companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
Page 275 and 276: Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
Page 279 and 280: indicates that Botswana has more ar
Page 281 and 282: 6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
Page 283 and 284: weakest with agriculture, construct
Page 285 and 286: As noted earlier, the greater major
Page 287 and 288: Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
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Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
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9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
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Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
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Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
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Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
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Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
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State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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