the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ... the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...
7.3 7.3.1 Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in the Okavango Delta Background to Community Based Natural Resource Management 7.3.2 Sodo-Political Benefits of CBNRM 320 7.3.3 7.3.4 Guiding Principles and Ideals Underlying Botswana's CBNRM Policy Community Perceptions Towards Community Based Natural Resource Management 7.3.5 The Local Natural Resource Institutional Framework in the Okavango Delta 7.3.6 The Socio-Economic Benefits From CBNRM in the 317 318 323 325 326 Okavango Delta 328 7.3.6.1 The Sankuyo Tshwaragano Management Trust (STMT) 329 7.3.6.2 The Okavango Community Trust (OCT) 330 7.3.6.3 The Okavango Poler's Trust (OPT) 331 7.3.6.4 The Khwai Development Trust (KDT) 331 7.3.6.5 The Okavango Kopano Mokoro Community Trust (OKMCT) and Other Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in the Okavango Delta 332 7.3.7 Problems and Challenges Facing CBNRM in the Okavango Delta 333 7.3.7.1 Lack of Entrepreneurship and Managerial Skills 333 7.3.7.2 Lack of Understanding of the Concept of CBNRM by the Local Communities 336 7.3.7.3 Poor Distribution of CBNRM Financial and Employment Benefits 338 7.3.8 CBNRM and Natural Resource Conservation 339 7.4 Summary and Conclusion 341 CHAPTER EIGHT: THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA REGION 8.1 8.2 Introduction Impacts of Tourism on Local Culture and Traditions Xl 342 343
8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Delta 345 8.2.2 8.3 Socio-Economic Impacts of Migration in the Okavango Delta The Environmental Impacts of Tourism in the Okavango Delta 8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impacts of Tourism 349 8.3.1.1 Wildlife Conservation Policies and the Preservation of the Okavango Delta 8.3.1.2 The Strengthening of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism Development Institutions 8.3.2 Negative Environmental Impacts of Tourism 351 8.3.2.1 Use of Motor Boats and Noise Pollution in the Okavango 347 348 349 350 Delta 353 8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads in Environmentally Sensitive Areas 357 8.3.2.3 Impacts of Tourist Accommodation Facilities on the Okavango Delta 357 8.3.2.4 Feeding of Wildlife in the Okavango Delta 359 8.3.2.5 Impacts Caused by Bushfires in the Okavango Delta 360 8.3.2.6 Expansion of Illegal Settlements 361 8.3.2.7 Waste Management and Water Resources in Maun 362 8.4 Threats Facing the Okavango Delta 364 8.5 OKACOM 371 8.5.1 An Integrated Management Plan for the Okavango Basin 372 8.6 Summary and Conclusion 374 8.7 Summary of Issues and Concerns Facing the Okavango Delta and its People 374 CHAPTER NINE: EVALUATION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Introduction Approaches to Tourism Impacts Globalisation and the Growth of Tourism Tourism as a Development Strategy The Okavango Delta's Tourism Industry XlI 380 380 382 382 386 (
- Page 1 and 2: ;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
- Page 3 and 4: ;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
- Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
- Page 7 and 8: 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
- Page 9 and 10: 5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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- Page 15 and 16: REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
- Page 17 and 18: Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
- Page 19 and 20: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
- Page 21 and 22: ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
- Page 23: SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
- Page 26 and 27: Empirical evidence, however, does n
- Page 28 and 29: norms of its people. To date, the g
- Page 30 and 31: numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
- Page 32 and 33: 4. Establish the extent of natural
- Page 34 and 35: detailed in chapter five. The insti
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- Page 38 and 39: serious academic consideration. The
- Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
- Page 42 and 43: management strategies are implement
- Page 44 and 45: Tourism should thus be regarded as
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- Page 48 and 49: problem. He states that it is time
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8.2.1 Migration <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta 345<br />
8.2.2<br />
8.3<br />
Socio-Economic Impacts <strong>of</strong> Migration <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Okavango<br />
Delta<br />
The Environmental Impacts <strong>of</strong> Tourism <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Okavango Delta<br />
8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impacts <strong>of</strong> Tourism 349<br />
8.3.1.1<br />
Wildlife Conservation Policies and <strong>the</strong> Preservation <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta<br />
8.3.1.2 The Streng<strong>the</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Wildlife Conservation and Tourism<br />
Development Institutions<br />
8.3.2 Negative Environmental Impacts <strong>of</strong> Tourism 351<br />
8.3.2.1 Use <strong>of</strong> Motor Boats and Noise Pollution <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Okavango<br />
347<br />
348<br />
349<br />
350<br />
Delta 353<br />
8.3.2.2 Creation <strong>of</strong> Illegal Roads <strong>in</strong> Environmentally Sensitive<br />
Areas 357<br />
8.3.2.3 Impacts <strong>of</strong> Tourist Accommodation Facilities on <strong>the</strong><br />
Okavango Delta 357<br />
8.3.2.4 Feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Wildlife <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta 359<br />
8.3.2.5 Impacts Caused by Bushfires <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta 360<br />
8.3.2.6 Expansion <strong>of</strong> Illegal Settlements 361<br />
8.3.2.7 Waste Management and Water Resources <strong>in</strong> Maun 362<br />
8.4 Threats Fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Okavango Delta 364<br />
8.5 OKACOM 371<br />
8.5.1 An Integrated Management Plan for <strong>the</strong> Okavango Bas<strong>in</strong> 372<br />
8.6 Summary and Conclusion 374<br />
8.7 Summary <strong>of</strong> Issues and Concerns Fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
Okavango Delta and its People 374<br />
CHAPTER NINE: EVALUATION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND<br />
CONCLUSIONS<br />
9.1<br />
9.2<br />
9.3<br />
9.4<br />
9.5<br />
Introduction<br />
Approaches to Tourism Impacts<br />
Globalisation and <strong>the</strong> Growth <strong>of</strong> Tourism<br />
Tourism as a Development Strategy<br />
The Okavango Delta's Tourism Industry<br />
XlI<br />
380<br />
380<br />
382<br />
382<br />
386<br />
(
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