the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

production and consumption in even the most remote communities - seemingly
peripheral to, and detached from, the world economy".
3.2 Creating Tourist Spaces: From Modernity to Globalisation
3.2.1 Conceptualising Modernity
Modernity, as a form of both social order and conceptualising the world, is
conventionally dated from the enlightenment period of the late seventeenth century.
With the emergence of a capitalist system in the nineteenth century, industrialisation
began replacing traditional forms of social organisation and this necessitated new
ways of organising labour based on the routinisation of work, rationalisation of
production, and a growing bureaucracy (Giddens, 1991; Lyon, 1999). Such
developments have been described as a consequence of differentiation; the
increasing specialisation of particular functions, which is based on the principle that
social relations in modernity were fundamentally different to those of pre-modern
times. In pre-modern times, for example, social arrangements, the domestic sphere
of family and home constituted the unit of production. In modernity however, work
was split from the home and became regulated as wage labour. This regulation in
turn was organised around 'clock time' rather than the pre-modern seasonal rhythm
of agricultural production (Lyon, 1999). Apart from this splitting of work from the
home, a differentiation between home and leisure also began to occur (Meethan,
2001 ).
With regard to the spatial organisation of modernity, urbanisation was a key
development. This enabled factory production to increase economies of scale,
additionally providing a focus for political activity through the development of forms
of local government, and a source of civic identity through the provision of
centralised social and leisure facilities. Urbanisation also led to the development of
mass markets whose consumption needs were satisfied through mass factory
production. Labour relations also experienced various changes. Factory production
was different from that to fulfil the needs of both individuals and families, and labour
became regulated through forms of contracts. Access to commodities was regulated
through a wage economy. Hence, from a classic Marxist viewpoint, people were
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