Teacher Learning in a Community of Practice: A Case Study of ...
Teacher Learning in a Community of Practice: A Case Study of ... Teacher Learning in a Community of Practice: A Case Study of ...
"Confidentiality involves a clear understanding between the researcher and participant concerning how the data provided will be used. Confidential infonnation implies that the identity ofthe individual will remain anonymous ... and that the reader ofthe research will not be able to deduce the identity ofthe individual" (Anderson 1999:20). Confidentiality is intended to reassure participants that they can reveal what they otherwise might not, in order to help the researcher to understand their perspectives more fully, and with particular sensitivity to their feelings. It was clear that the principals ofthe participating schools had their own agendas. In three ofthe participating schools, the principals were eager to receive regular feedback on the progress ofthe project and would often ask questions relating to the progress and development ofthe teachers. One ofthe principals initially requested a quarterly written report on the project. I had to diplomatically explain that such a report was not possible, as it would compromise my relationship with the research participants. At this school, while the principal gave me free access to the school and teachers, some teachers were initially unwilling to allow me into their classes. They were content to attend the workshops but were uncomfortable to have me sit in on their lessons. These same teachers were also content to have me examine work they had already covered, worksheets, tests and examination papers. Even when the 'rules' originally negotiated do not turn out to be less stringent than expected, or more rigid and restrictive, access may still have to be negotiated (Delamont 2002). It became apparent that the level ofaccess was not what I had initially thought I had, and that I needed to develop and strengthen my relationship with these teachers. Although I had gone to great pains to explain that the lesson observations were strictly for research purposes and that teachers' anonymity, privacy and confidentiality would be respected, it was clear that I had to earn teachers' trust and not to be overzealous in my attempts to observe lessons. On several occasions these participants' appointments had to be rescheduled for reasons, which included personal commitments and plain failure to remember appointment dates and times. Delamont (2002) warns that a participant's rescheduling ofappointments may be a way 145
ofgently testing the researcher's keenness to obtain the data. It was also clear that my research study was not on their list ofpriorities. A break-through with this group ofteachers came when I was requested to provide assistance in developing a term plan for teaching EMS at their school. I successfully facilitated a brainstorming session with these teachers in which a tentative EMS curriculum was framed. It took a while for teachers to realise and understand that although I was engaged in a research project, I was also genuinely and sincerely interested in their development as EMS teachers and the development ofEMS at their schools. On one occasion, one ofthe research participants was particularly moved when I 'sought her out' to give her material she was desperately looking for. She remarked, "I can see that you are really into EMS ... thanks for thinking ofme." This was a critical incident in our relationship as I felt that I had made a significant breakthrough with this research participant. Critical incidents ofthis nature have a common characteristic, which Delamont (2002) refers to as 'genuine feelings' and that establishing rapport with participants is hard work. Personal attributes or actions can work to ease the process. These actions certainly helped strengthen my relationships with the teachers and facilitated access into schools and classrooms. There is always a "... structural tension between teachers and researchers, and additional problems may occur when there are differences ofrace, religion, gender ... or political views..." (Delamont 2002:149). I initially experienced some difficulty in establishing rapport with the African teachers in the study. A culture-clash between researcher and informants can affect rapport. I was Indian, they were, Black African; I was an 'observer' and they the 'observed'. Being a non-Isizulu speaking Indian male, researching in a semi-rural African school in KwaZulu-Natal created its own challenges. The fact that I did not speak the mother tongue ofboth the teachers at this school certainly affected rapport and access. In some ofour discussions, teachers would sometimes switch into isiZulu to clarify an issue amongst themselves, and then turn to me with a suggestion. This was particularly apparent when I was negotiating times for appointments and observations. Both teachers were aware ofthe fact that I did not understand isiZulu and 146
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"Confidentiality <strong>in</strong>volves a clear understand<strong>in</strong>g between the researcher and participant<br />
concern<strong>in</strong>g how the data provided will be used. Confidential <strong>in</strong>fonnation implies that the<br />
identity <strong>of</strong>the <strong>in</strong>dividual will rema<strong>in</strong> anonymous ... and that the reader <strong>of</strong>the research<br />
will not be able to deduce the identity <strong>of</strong>the <strong>in</strong>dividual" (Anderson 1999:20).<br />
Confidentiality is <strong>in</strong>tended to reassure participants that they can reveal what they<br />
otherwise might not, <strong>in</strong> order to help the researcher to understand their perspectives more<br />
fully, and with particular sensitivity to their feel<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
It was clear that the pr<strong>in</strong>cipals <strong>of</strong>the participat<strong>in</strong>g schools had their own agendas. In three<br />
<strong>of</strong>the participat<strong>in</strong>g schools, the pr<strong>in</strong>cipals were eager to receive regular feedback on the<br />
progress <strong>of</strong>the project and would <strong>of</strong>ten ask questions relat<strong>in</strong>g to the progress and<br />
development <strong>of</strong>the teachers. One <strong>of</strong>the pr<strong>in</strong>cipals <strong>in</strong>itially requested a quarterly written<br />
report on the project. I had to diplomatically expla<strong>in</strong> that such a report was not possible,<br />
as it would compromise my relationship with the research participants.<br />
At this school, while the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal gave me free access to the school and teachers, some<br />
teachers were <strong>in</strong>itially unwill<strong>in</strong>g to allow me <strong>in</strong>to their classes. They were content to<br />
attend the workshops but were uncomfortable to have me sit <strong>in</strong> on their lessons. These<br />
same teachers were also content to have me exam<strong>in</strong>e work they had already covered,<br />
worksheets, tests and exam<strong>in</strong>ation papers. Even when the 'rules' orig<strong>in</strong>ally negotiated do<br />
not turn out to be less str<strong>in</strong>gent than expected, or more rigid and restrictive, access may<br />
still have to be negotiated (Delamont 2002). It became apparent that the level <strong>of</strong>access<br />
was not what I had <strong>in</strong>itially thought I had, and that I needed to develop and strengthen my<br />
relationship with these teachers. Although I had gone to great pa<strong>in</strong>s to expla<strong>in</strong> that the<br />
lesson observations were strictly for research purposes and that teachers' anonymity,<br />
privacy and confidentiality would be respected, it was clear that I had to earn teachers'<br />
trust and not to be overzealous <strong>in</strong> my attempts to observe lessons. On several occasions<br />
these participants' appo<strong>in</strong>tments had to be rescheduled for reasons, which <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
personal commitments and pla<strong>in</strong> failure to remember appo<strong>in</strong>tment dates and times.<br />
Delamont (2002) warns that a participant's reschedul<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong>appo<strong>in</strong>tments may be a way<br />
145