Quantifying Uncontrolled Landfill Gas Emissions from Two Florida ...

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APPENDIX A Vertical Radial Plume Mapping (VRPM) Algorithm The VRPM methodology is used to estimate the rate of fugitive gaseous emissions <strong>from</strong> an area source. A vertical scanning plane, downwind of the source, is used to directly measure the gaseous flux. <strong>Two</strong> different beam configurations of the VRPM methodology are recommended: the five-beam (or more) and the three-beam VRPM configuration. Figure A-1 illustrates the setup for these two VRPM beam configurations. In the five-beam (or more) configuration, the ORS instrument sequentially scans over five optical paths. Three paths are along the groundlevel crosswind direction (beams a, b, and c in Figure A-1), and the other two are elevated on a vertical structure (beams e and f in Figure A-1). The additional beam (d) in Figure A-1 is for 6beam configuration, which provides better spatial definition of the plume in the crosswind direction. In the three-beam configuration, the ORS instrument sequentially scans over three PDCs. Only one beam is along the ground level (beam c or d in Figure A-1) and the other two are elevated on a vertical structure (beams e and f in Figure A-1). A two-phase smooth basis function minimization (SBFM) approach is applied where there are three or more beams along the ground level (5-beam, or more, configuration). In the two-phase SBFM approach, a one-dimensional SBFM reconstruction procedure is first applied in order to reconstruct the smoothed ground level and crosswind concentration profile. The reconstructed parameters are then substituted into the bivariate Gaussian function when applying a twodimensional SBFM procedure. A one-dimensional SBFM reconstruction is applied to the ground level segmented beam paths (Figure A-1) of the same beam geometry to find the cross wind concentration profile. A univariate Gaussian function is fitted to measured PIC ground-level values. The error function for the minimization procedure is the Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) function and is defined in the one-dimensional SBFM approach as follows: Where: 2 ⎛ r ⎞ i ⎡ ⎤ ⎜ B ⎛ m − r ⎞ j 1 y ⎜ j ⎟ ⎟ SSE(B ⎢ ⎥ j , m y , σ ) = ∑ ⎜ PICi −∑ ∫ exp − dr j y j ⎟ ⎜ ⎢ ⎜ σ ⎟ ⎥ i j 2πσ 2 y j 0 y ⎢⎣ ⎝ j ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ B = equal to the area under the one-dimensional Gaussian distribution (integrated concentration); ri = the pathlength of the i th beam; my = the mean (peak location); σy = the standard deviation of the j th Gaussian function; and PICi = the measured PIC value of the i th path A-1 2 (1)
d f e c b PDCs Y X a 2 12( y)( z) ( r⋅ sinθ − mz) ⎤⎫ ⎪ 2ρ r⋅ cosθ − m r⋅ sinθ − m Gr (, ) = exp⎨− 2 ⎢ A ⎧ ⎪ 1 ⎡ ( r⋅ cosθ− my) − + ⎥ 2 2 ⎬ 2 θ 2 2πσ σ 1−ρ 21− ( ρ ⎢ σ σσ σ 12 ) y y z z ⎥ y z 12 ⎪⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎪⎭ Z Mean Wind Direction Figure A-1. Example of a VRPM Configuration Setup Fugitive Source/ Area of Interest PI-ORS Instrument The SSE function is minimized using the Simplex minimization procedure to solve for the unknown parameters (Press et al., 1992). When there are more than three beams at the ground level, two Gaussian functions are fitted to retrieve skewed and sometimes bi-modal concentration profiles. This is the reason for the index j in Equation 1. Once the one-dimensional phase is completed, the two-dimensional phase of the two-phase process is applied. To derive the bivariate Gaussian function used in the second phase, it is convenient to express the generic bivariate function G in polar coordinates r and θ: A-2 (2)
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Quantifying Uncontrolled Landfill G
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Foreword The U.S. Environmental Pro
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3.1.3 Total Site Methane Emissions
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List of Tables Table 1-1. Target Co
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Table 3-28. Calculated Methane Flux
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Table C-6. Methane Concentrations (
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List of Figures Figure 1-1. Map of
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Executive Summary Waste decompositi
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instrument (IMACC, Inc.). Figures 1
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Figure 1-3. Scanning Boreal GasFind
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wind direction data are collected n
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adsorption spectrometer. The analyz
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Table 1-2. Schedule of Work Perform
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Figure 2-2. Detail of measurement c
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corners of the cell, respectively.
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2.2.3 Background Measurements Backg
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was aligned on the mirror targets i
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methane concentrations measured alo
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Figure 3-3 Summary of ORS measureme
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Table 3-5. Calculated methane flux
Page 45 and 46: Table 3-7. Calculated methane flux
Page 47 and 48: cell to the base. The following equ
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-9. Results of TO-15 analysi
Page 51 and 52: Table 3-10. Results of C1 to C6 and
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-14. Monomethyl Mercury Conc
Page 55 and 56: 3.2 Landfill Site #2 3.2.1 Control
Page 57 and 58: Table 3-17. Calculated Methane Flux
Page 63 and 64: 3.2.2 Bioreactor Cell 3.2.2.1 Febru
Page 69 and 70: Based on the calculations presented
Page 71 and 72: Table 3-34. Results for C1 to C6 an
Page 73 and 74: Table 3-38. Monomethyl Mercury Conc
Page 75 and 76: 3.3 Gas and Mercury Sampling Result
Page 77 and 78: Site #1 with a level of 83 ppmv. Th
Page 79 and 80: The surveys also found significant
Page 81 and 82: Monomethyl mercury concentrations i
Page 83 and 84: 5.1 Equipment Calibration Chapter 5
Page 85 and 86: The R 2 value was used to assess th
Page 87 and 88: the measured path-integrated methan
Page 89 and 90: 5.2.7 DQI Check of Total Mercury Sa
Page 91 and 92: Site #1 5.4 Site #2 77.9 Completene
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Page 95: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 99 and 100: When the VRPM configuration consist
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Page 103 and 104: Table B-3. Distance, and Horizontal
Page 105 and 106: Table B-7. Distance, and Horizontal
Page 107 and 108: APPENDIX C Path-Averaged Methane Co
Page 109 and 110: Table C-3. Methane Concentrations (
Page 117 and 118: Table C-11. Methane Concentrations
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