Quantifying Uncontrolled Landfill Gas Emissions from Two Florida ...

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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Project Description Landfill gas emissions, if left uncontrolled, contribute to air toxics, climate change, tropospheric ozone, and urban smog. Measuring emissions from landfills presents unique challenges due to the large and variable source area, spatial and temporal variability of emissions, and the wide variety of target pollutants. Recent advancements have been made for improved quantification of uncontrolled emissions from area sources. This technology is referred to as radial plume mapping (RPM) using optical remote sensing (ORS) instrumentation to quantify uncontrolled emissions. The method has been applied to perform multiple emissions measurement campaigns at former landfill sites (U.S. EPA, 2004; U.S. EPA, 2005c; U.S. EPA, 2005d). A summary of ORS measurements at landfills as well as an overview of this technology was published in an EPA report in 2007 [Evaluation of Fugitive Emissions Using Ground-Based Optical Remote Sensing Technology (EPA/600/R-07/032), Feb 2007; available at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/ 600r07032/600r07032.pdf]. This technology can be used at landfills to quantify uncontrolled emissions for: (1) input to obtaining Title V permits for landfill expansion; (2) establishing emission estimates for greenhouse gas inventories; (3) evaluating the suitability of a site for recreational use or development; and (4) evaluating the performance of technology changes such as use of alternative landfill cover materials or operation of wet/bioreactor landfills. For older sites, site-specific data on waste acceptance rates, waste composition, and other data needed for modeling landfill gas emissions are often not available. In EPA’s guidance for evaluating landfill gas emissions from older landfills being considered for Brownfield development or recreational use, radial plume mapping is suggested as a preferred approach to reliance on modeling landfill gas emissions. [Guidance for Evaluating Landfill Gas Emissions from Closed or Abandoned Facilities (EPA-600/R-05/123a). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/600r05123/600r05123.pdf.]. At sites where new technology is being used in the design and operation of landfills, radial plume mapping can help to establish a comparison of emissions from different landfill practices. For this report, data were collected at two municipal sites in Florida that were operating landfills as a bioreactor to accelerate waste decomposition. This report provides results from measurements collected in the areas being operated as a bioreactor and at other areas that were considered by the site operator to be a control cell. ARCADIS and EPA conducted a measurement campaign at each site using one scanning GasFinder 2.0 methane OP-TDLAS instrument (Boreal, Inc) and one scanning OP-FTIR 1-1
instrument (IMACC, Inc.). Figures 1-1 and 1-2 present the overall layout of Site #1 and Site #2, respectively, detailing the geographic location of each measurement cell. In addition to the ORS measurements, SUMMA® canister samples were collected from the gas header pipes at the sites to obtain data on volatile organic compound (VOC) constituents in the landfill gas. The primary goals of the study were to evaluate and compare emissions of methane and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from bioreactor and control cells at the sites and generate an estimate of total site methane emissions. The data collected at the sites were used to calculate an emission flux rate from the cells for each compound investigated. A second focus of this study was to quantify the level of mercury concentrations in landfill gas. Data on total, elemental and organo-mercury (including methyl and dimethyl mercury) were collected in the vicinity of the gas header pipes at the site. Figure 1-1. Map of Site #1 detailing the location of the survey cells 1-2
Page 1 and 2: Quantifying Uncontrolled Landfill G
Page 3 and 4: Foreword The U.S. Environmental Pro
Page 5 and 6: 3.1.3 Total Site Methane Emissions
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Table 1-1. Target Co
Page 9 and 10: Table 3-28. Calculated Methane Flux
Page 11 and 12: Table C-6. Methane Concentrations (
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1-1. Map of
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary Waste decompositi
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Page 21 and 22: Figure 1-3. Scanning Boreal GasFind
Page 23 and 24: wind direction data are collected n
Page 25 and 26: adsorption spectrometer. The analyz
Page 27 and 28: Table 1-2. Schedule of Work Perform
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2-2. Detail of measurement c
Page 31 and 32: corners of the cell, respectively.
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Page 37 and 38: was aligned on the mirror targets i
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Page 41 and 42: Figure 3-3 Summary of ORS measureme
Page 43 and 44: Table 3-5. Calculated methane flux
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Page 47 and 48: cell to the base. The following equ
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-9. Results of TO-15 analysi
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Page 53 and 54: Table 3-14. Monomethyl Mercury Conc
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Page 63 and 64: 3.2.2 Bioreactor Cell 3.2.2.1 Febru
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Based on the calculations presented
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Table 3-34. Results for C1 to C6 an
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Table 3-38. Monomethyl Mercury Conc
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3.3 Gas and Mercury Sampling Result
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Site #1 with a level of 83 ppmv. Th
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The surveys also found significant
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Monomethyl mercury concentrations i
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5.1 Equipment Calibration Chapter 5
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The R 2 value was used to assess th
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the measured path-integrated methan
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5.2.7 DQI Check of Total Mercury Sa
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Site #1 5.4 Site #2 77.9 Completene
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
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d f e c b PDCs Y X a 2 12( y)( z) (
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When the VRPM configuration consist
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Table B-3. Distance, and Horizontal
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Table B-7. Distance, and Horizontal
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APPENDIX C Path-Averaged Methane Co
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Table C-3. Methane Concentrations (
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Table C-11. Methane Concentrations
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