Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...

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The mean, range, standard deviation, internal consistencies, and correlations were calculated for the CBVS Action Choice (Prosocial vs. Aggressive) and the CBVS Justification Choices (Justice/Fair vs. Prosocial/Care vs. Aggressive/Retribution) for each story and across all four stories. While the initial parametric analyses for internal consistency and correlations within stories and subjects will be described in detail, results were found to be lower than anticipated. Even though alpha can take on any value less than or equal to 1, including negative values, higher values are more desirable; whereas, the rule of thumb requires a reliability of .70 or higher obtained on a substantial sample (Lomax, 2001). Specifically, the findings for CBVS Action Choice and CBVS Justification Choices revealed low positive to negative internal consistencies and low positive correlations between all four stories. Findings for within CBVS Aggressive Action Choices and CBVS Justification Choices for all four stories showed similar low internal consistencies and both positive and negative values. These findings lead to the decision to not use a general linear model approach to assess the rated data; but rather, to focus on nonparametic analyses of the categorical ranked data. The nonparametric techniques subsequently used to perform the final analyses will be discussed following the analytic descriptions of the rated data. Table 3 presents the descriptive data and Cronbach alpha for the Prosocial Action Choice subscales by each story on the CBVS. The first consideration was to calculate the means for Prosocial Action Choice items for each story. However, internal consistencies for CBVS Prosocial Actions were low for all four stories with a relatively small sample. While bystander character/physical victimization story 1 and bystander character/relational victimization story 3 showed moderately low (.3220, .2405 respectively) internal consistencies for Prosocial Actions, victim character/physical victimization story 2 showed a negative internal consistency (-2835) 72
for Prosocial Actions and victim character/physical victimization story 4 showed shows a near zero (.0118) internal consistency for Prosocial Actions. The correlations for Prosocial Actions were all positive but low to moderate across all four stories. Moderately low correlations were found between story 1 and story 3 (.2536) at the .01 level of significance and between story 1 and story 4 (.1562) at the .05 level of significance. Low moderate correlations were found between story 2 and story 3 (.2744) and between story 2 and story 4 (.2061) at the .01 level of significance. Low correlations were found between story 3 and story 4 (.1721) at the .05 level of significance. See Table 3. Table 3 Psychometric Properties for Rated Data on the CBVS Prosocial Action Subscales Items Mean SD Range Cronbach’s α Story 1 [Bystander/Physical] 4 3.8244 .2403 3.00-4.00 .3220 Story 2 [Victim/Physical] 3 3.0717 .4195 2.00-4.00 - .2835 Story 3 [Bystander/Relational] 3 3.2932 .5108 1.67-4.00 .2405 Story 4 [Victim/Relational] 3 3.4895 .4098 2.33-4.00 .0118 Correlation Matrix for Rated Data on the CBVS Prosocial Action Subscales Story 1 Story 2 Story 3 Story 4 Story 1 1.0000 ---- ---- ---- Story 2 .0731 1.0000 ---- ---- Story 3 .2536** .2744** 1.0000 ---- Story 4 .1562* .2061** .1721* 1.0000 N = 632 responses, 158 for each story **Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed) *Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed) 73
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CHILDREN’S SOCIAL REASONING IN TH
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation w
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Victim ............................
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Story Character Role ..............
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LIST OF TABLES 1. CBVS Sample Demog
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30. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Ind
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROB
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anxiety, loneliness, and self-worth
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Research Questions and Hypotheses T
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. Null Hypotheses: There is no rela
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information will be helpful to prac
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Justice/Fair Justifications. An exp
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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW Chapt
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actively involved, or as defenders
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who are victimized themselves), and
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Bullying often occurs within the co
Page 35 and 36: manipulate social relationships to
Page 37 and 38: Longitudinal studies of children en
Page 39 and 40: Bully Bullying also damages the bul
Page 41 and 42: for the nonbully/nonvictim. From co
Page 43 and 44: Being victimized has been correlate
Page 45 and 46: Linking Social Support and Bullying
Page 47 and 48: (Bandura, 1986, 1991). Bandura (198
Page 49 and 50: Social-cognitive learning theory ha
Page 51 and 52: influenced and guided by informatio
Page 53 and 54: ignore him or her, or that it is be
Page 55 and 56: (Dodge, 1980a; Dodge & Frame, 1982)
Page 57 and 58: during a child’s early years and
Page 59 and 60: The reader is reminded that the pur
Page 61 and 62: CBVS is scored by comparing the dif
Page 63 and 64: Other research suggests that childr
Page 65 and 66: their behaviors, which may explain
Page 67 and 68: Aggressive) and Justification Choic
Page 69 and 70: Cohen-Posey, 1995; Coloroso, 2003;
Page 71 and 72: children’s arrival, answered ques
Page 73 and 74: esponse to either being bullied or
Page 75 and 76: Peers (7 items) and the Aggressive
Page 77 and 78: Children’s Social Experience Ques
Page 79 and 80: Standard Deviations, ranges, and Cr
Page 81 and 82: Prosocial with Peers and CBS Aggres
Page 83 and 84: Choices (e.g., Prosocial, Aggressiv
Page 85: CHAPTER IV: RESULTS The purpose of
Page 89 and 90: Table 4 Psychometric Properties for
Page 91 and 92: all four stories. Bystander charact
Page 93 and 94: Victim character / relational victi
Page 95 and 96: Table 8 Psychometric Properties for
Page 97 and 98: Prosocial/Care justification or Jus
Page 99 and 100: Figure 1. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for
Page 103 and 104: Table 11 CBVS Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Te
Page 105 and 106: Of the 187 responses to Prosocial/C
Page 107 and 108: of children’s Prosocial Action Ch
Page 109 and 110: Table 15 Predicting Action Choices
Page 111 and 112: Table 18 Predicting Action Choices
Page 113 and 114: participant child variable such as
Page 117 and 118: A test for the Difference in Propor
Page 121 and 122: Table 24 CBVS Test and Confidence I
Page 123 and 124: Therefore, I reject the null hypoth
Page 125 and 126: Figure 6. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test f
Page 127 and 128: Table 28 CBVS Test and Confidence I
Page 129 and 130: Justice/Fair) on bystander and vict
Page 131 and 132: A test for the Difference in Propor
Page 133 and 134: of children’s Aggressive/Retribut
Page 135 and 136: Story Form of Victimization The nex
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A test for the Difference in Propor
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hypothesis and I conclude that ther
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Figure 9. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test f
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Table 38 CBVS Test and Confidence I
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Justice/Fair Justification Choice r
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Figure 10. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test
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Figure 11. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test
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Action Choices in this study varied
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CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION How people ju
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y administering the measure in a in
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get what they deserve.” It is lik
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engaging in high rates of aggressiv
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ability. The lack of variance in te
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lie in the lack of variability in C
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whether the story character was a b
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Schwartz et al., 1998). These child
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of the independent variable such as
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strong component, which is directed
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too long, given other curriculum-ba
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REFERENCES Ableson, R. P. (1981). T
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Brewster, A. B., & Bowen, G. L. (20
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Craig, W. M., Henderson, K., & Murp
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Dodge, K. A. (1980a). Social cognit
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Frisch, M. B. (2000). Improving men
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Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T. R., Eitel
Page 187 and 188:
Ladd, G. W., & Burgess, K. B. (2001
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Munoz, M. A., & Vanderhaar, J. E. (
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Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K.
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Rogers, M. J., & Tisak, M. S. (1996
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Smokowski, P. R., Reynolds, A. J.,
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Turiel, E. (2006). Thought, emotion
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APPENDICES 185
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Date, ______________, 2009 Malvin (
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Appendix C School Approvals 189
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191
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Appendix D Informed Consent Forms 1
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195
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197
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⁮ Asian American ⁮ European Ame
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Rate each reason for how good you t
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III. Of all the actions that you ju
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5. Talk to Mike about his feelings
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4. Make up something about the mean
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Appendix F Teacher Online Questionn
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fights with peers. 1 = Never True 2
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• Make new friends / change peer
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• Get bullies to think about thei
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