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Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...

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Next, the stories were presented to children enrolled in 4 th through 12 th grades (30<br />

children were enrolled in either the 4 th or 5 th grades; 27 children were enrolled in either the 6 th or<br />

7 th grades; 32 children were enrolled in the 8 th grade; and 12 children were enrolled in either the<br />

9 th , 10 th , 11 th , or 12 th grades). Children were asked to rate each story for realism, readability, and<br />

reading comprehension. <strong>The</strong> stories were then presented to 78 university undergraduates and 7<br />

graduate students. <strong>The</strong> university students reviewed the stories and rated for realism and<br />

readability. Using a description <strong>of</strong> several types <strong>of</strong> bullying, the graduate students verified that<br />

the stories matched the appropriate bullying scenario and, based upon perceived duplication,<br />

made suggestions for reducing the number <strong>of</strong> stories from eight to four. Eighteen teachers and<br />

school administrators confirmed that the use <strong>of</strong> four stories would minimize the time that<br />

children would need to complete the survey and ensure that school administrators would be more<br />

likely to allow time during the school day for children to participate in the survey. <strong>The</strong> stories<br />

were then revised to reflect the suggested changes made by all reviewers and better reflect each<br />

depiction <strong>of</strong> bullying the scenarios.<br />

<strong>The</strong> Action Choices were drawn from scholarly literature and were examples <strong>of</strong> actions<br />

that children commonly say they would take if they were either victimized or witness to<br />

victimization. Each Action Choice is either a prosocial behavior or an aggressive behavior.<br />

Similarly, the Justification Choices were drawn from the scholarly literature in the area <strong>of</strong> social<br />

reasoning and reflect reason that children typically give for their behavioral responses to<br />

bullying. Each Justification Choice is either a rational based on justice, a rational based on<br />

prosocial reasoning, or a rational based on aggressive reasoning. Some examples were obtained<br />

from popular advice that parents say they would give their children when their children were<br />

victimized by bullies or were witness to others who were victimized by bullies (Banks, 1997;<br />

54

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