Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...
Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...
Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...
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Next, the stories were presented to children enrolled in 4 th through 12 th grades (30<br />
children were enrolled in either the 4 th or 5 th grades; 27 children were enrolled in either the 6 th or<br />
7 th grades; 32 children were enrolled in the 8 th grade; and 12 children were enrolled in either the<br />
9 th , 10 th , 11 th , or 12 th grades). Children were asked to rate each story for realism, readability, and<br />
reading comprehension. <strong>The</strong> stories were then presented to 78 university undergraduates and 7<br />
graduate students. <strong>The</strong> university students reviewed the stories and rated for realism and<br />
readability. Using a description <strong>of</strong> several types <strong>of</strong> bullying, the graduate students verified that<br />
the stories matched the appropriate bullying scenario and, based upon perceived duplication,<br />
made suggestions for reducing the number <strong>of</strong> stories from eight to four. Eighteen teachers and<br />
school administrators confirmed that the use <strong>of</strong> four stories would minimize the time that<br />
children would need to complete the survey and ensure that school administrators would be more<br />
likely to allow time during the school day for children to participate in the survey. <strong>The</strong> stories<br />
were then revised to reflect the suggested changes made by all reviewers and better reflect each<br />
depiction <strong>of</strong> bullying the scenarios.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Action Choices were drawn from scholarly literature and were examples <strong>of</strong> actions<br />
that children commonly say they would take if they were either victimized or witness to<br />
victimization. Each Action Choice is either a prosocial behavior or an aggressive behavior.<br />
Similarly, the Justification Choices were drawn from the scholarly literature in the area <strong>of</strong> social<br />
reasoning and reflect reason that children typically give for their behavioral responses to<br />
bullying. Each Justification Choice is either a rational based on justice, a rational based on<br />
prosocial reasoning, or a rational based on aggressive reasoning. Some examples were obtained<br />
from popular advice that parents say they would give their children when their children were<br />
victimized by bullies or were witness to others who were victimized by bullies (Banks, 1997;<br />
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