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Johnston, M. (2003). Dealing with bullying. New York, NY: PowerKids Press. Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2001). Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Khatri, P., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Patterson, C. (2000). Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self-reported behavioral and emotional adjustment. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 345-358. Killen, M., & Turiel, E. (1998). Adolescents' and young adults' evaluations of helping and sacrificing for others. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 355-375. Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2004). Peer victimization: The role of emotions in adaptive and maladaptive coping. Social Development, 13(3), 329-349. Kochenderfer Ladd, B., & Ladd, G. W. (1996). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment? Child Development, 67, 1305-1317. Kochenderfer Ladd, B., & Ladd, G. W. (2001). Variations in peer victimization: Relations to children's maladjustment. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 25-48). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Kochenderfer Ladd, B., & Pelletier, M. E. (2008). Teachers' views and beliefs about bullying: Influences on classroom management strategies and students' coping with peer victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 431-453. Kochenderfer Ladd, B., & Skinner, K. (2002). Children's coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization? Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 267-278. Kochenderfer Ladd, B., & Wardrop, J. L. (2001). Chronicity and instability of children's peer victimization experiences as predictors of loneliness and social satisfaction trajectories. Child Development, 72, 134-151. Kowalski, R. M. (2000). "I was only kidding!": Victims' and perpetrators' perceptions of teasing. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 26, 230-241. Kumpulainen, K., Raesaenen, E., Henttonen, I., Almqvist, F., Kresanov, K., Linna, S., et al. (1998). Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 705–717. Kupersmidt, J. B., Patterson, C. J., & Eickholt, C. (1989). Social rejected children: Bullies, victims, or both? Aggressors, victims, and peer relationships, Society for Research in Child Development. Kansas City, MO. 172
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CHILDREN’S SOCIAL REASONING IN TH
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation w
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Victim ............................
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Story Character Role ..............
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LIST OF TABLES 1. CBVS Sample Demog
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30. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Ind
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROB
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anxiety, loneliness, and self-worth
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Research Questions and Hypotheses T
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. Null Hypotheses: There is no rela
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information will be helpful to prac
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Justice/Fair Justifications. An exp
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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW Chapt
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actively involved, or as defenders
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who are victimized themselves), and
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Bullying often occurs within the co
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manipulate social relationships to
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Longitudinal studies of children en
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Bully Bullying also damages the bul
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for the nonbully/nonvictim. From co
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Being victimized has been correlate
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Linking Social Support and Bullying
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(Bandura, 1986, 1991). Bandura (198
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Social-cognitive learning theory ha
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influenced and guided by informatio
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ignore him or her, or that it is be
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(Dodge, 1980a; Dodge & Frame, 1982)
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during a child’s early years and
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The reader is reminded that the pur
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CBVS is scored by comparing the dif
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Other research suggests that childr
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their behaviors, which may explain
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Aggressive) and Justification Choic
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Cohen-Posey, 1995; Coloroso, 2003;
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children’s arrival, answered ques
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esponse to either being bullied or
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Peers (7 items) and the Aggressive
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Children’s Social Experience Ques
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Standard Deviations, ranges, and Cr
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Prosocial with Peers and CBS Aggres
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Choices (e.g., Prosocial, Aggressiv
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CHAPTER IV: RESULTS The purpose of
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for Prosocial Actions and victim ch
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Table 4 Psychometric Properties for
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all four stories. Bystander charact
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Victim character / relational victi
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Table 8 Psychometric Properties for
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Prosocial/Care justification or Jus
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Figure 1. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for
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Table 11 CBVS Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Te
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Of the 187 responses to Prosocial/C
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of children’s Prosocial Action Ch
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Table 15 Predicting Action Choices
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Table 18 Predicting Action Choices
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participant child variable such as
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A test for the Difference in Propor
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Table 24 CBVS Test and Confidence I
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Therefore, I reject the null hypoth
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Figure 6. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test f
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Table 28 CBVS Test and Confidence I
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Justice/Fair) on bystander and vict
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A test for the Difference in Propor
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of children’s Aggressive/Retribut
Page 135 and 136: Story Form of Victimization The nex
Page 137 and 138: A test for the Difference in Propor
Page 139 and 140: hypothesis and I conclude that ther
Page 141 and 142: Figure 9. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test f
Page 143 and 144: Table 38 CBVS Test and Confidence I
Page 145 and 146: Justice/Fair Justification Choice r
Page 147 and 148: Figure 10. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test
Page 149 and 150: Figure 11. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test
Page 151 and 152: Action Choices in this study varied
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION How people ju
Page 155 and 156: y administering the measure in a in
Page 157 and 158: get what they deserve.” It is lik
Page 159 and 160: engaging in high rates of aggressiv
Page 161 and 162: ability. The lack of variance in te
Page 163 and 164: lie in the lack of variability in C
Page 165 and 166: whether the story character was a b
Page 167 and 168: Schwartz et al., 1998). These child
Page 169 and 170: of the independent variable such as
Page 171 and 172: strong component, which is directed
Page 173 and 174: too long, given other curriculum-ba
Page 175 and 176: REFERENCES Ableson, R. P. (1981). T
Page 177 and 178: Brewster, A. B., & Bowen, G. L. (20
Page 179 and 180: Craig, W. M., Henderson, K., & Murp
Page 181 and 182: Dodge, K. A. (1980a). Social cognit
Page 183 and 184: Frisch, M. B. (2000). Improving men
Page 185: Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T. R., Eitel
Page 189 and 190: Munoz, M. A., & Vanderhaar, J. E. (
Page 191 and 192: Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K.
Page 193 and 194: Rogers, M. J., & Tisak, M. S. (1996
Page 195 and 196: Smokowski, P. R., Reynolds, A. J.,
Page 197 and 198: Turiel, E. (2006). Thought, emotion
Page 199 and 200: APPENDICES 185
Page 201 and 202: Date, ______________, 2009 Malvin (
Page 203 and 204: Appendix C School Approvals 189
Page 205 and 206: 191
Page 207 and 208: Appendix D Informed Consent Forms 1
Page 209 and 210: 195
Page 211 and 212: 197
Page 213 and 214: ⁮ Asian American ⁮ European Ame
Page 215 and 216: Rate each reason for how good you t
Page 217 and 218: III. Of all the actions that you ju
Page 219 and 220: 5. Talk to Mike about his feelings
Page 221 and 222: 4. Make up something about the mean
Page 223 and 224: Appendix F Teacher Online Questionn
Page 225 and 226: fights with peers. 1 = Never True 2
Page 227 and 228: • Make new friends / change peer
Page 229 and 230: • Get bullies to think about thei
Page 231 and 232: 217
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