Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...
Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ... Copyright Malvin Porter, Jr. 2010 - acumen - The University of ...
LIST OF FIGURES 1. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. Intellectual Ability Group ........................................................85 2. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Intellectual Ability Group ................................................87 3. CBVS Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. CBVS Justification Choices ......................................................90 4. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence Test and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. Children’s Gender ..................................................................101 5. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence Test and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Children’s Gender ..........................................................105 6. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. Story Character Role ..............................................................111 7. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Story Character Role ......................................................116 8. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. Story Form of Victimization ..................................................122 9. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Story Form of Victimization ..........................................127 10. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Action Choices vs. Bully/Victim Group Membership .......................................................................133 11. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference of Proportions for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Bully/Victim Group Membership .......................................................................135 xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM Bully victimization is one of the most common forms of youth violence. In recent years, bully victimization has received widespread attention from researchers interested in how bully victimization affects children (Conners-Burrow, Johnson, Whiteside-Mansell, McKelvey, & Gargus, 2009; Flashpohler, Elfstrom, Vanderzee, Sink, & Birchmeier, 2009). Research has shown that bullying is a major social problem for school-aged children (Olweus, 2003). Bully victimization is a repeated behavior (e.g., physical or relational) that occurs over time in a relationship characterized by an imbalance of power (Huitsing, Veenstra, & Wallien, 2007; Monks & Smith, 2006; Olweus, 1994; Veenstra et al., 2007). Less is known about children’s bullying and victimization that takes place in the United States than in other countries because much of the existing research has been conducted in Europe, Australia, and Canada (Espelage & Swearer, 2004). However, we know that bully/victim problems are prevalent in the United States. A study of 15,686 students in grades 6 through 10 in public and private schools throughout the United States estimated that 30 percent of American students are involved in bully/victim problems as either a bully, a victim, or both (T. Nansel et al., 2001a). The National Education Association (NEA) (2008) argues that in order to provide quality education for America’s children, bullying and victimization can no longer be treated lightly or regarded as a normal growing-up experience. Bullying has only harmful effects for the victim, the bully, and the bystander who witnesses others being victimized by bullies. The NEA (2008) 1
- Page 1 and 2: CHILDREN’S SOCIAL REASONING IN TH
- Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
- Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation w
- Page 7 and 8: Victim ............................
- Page 9 and 10: Story Character Role ..............
- Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES 1. CBVS Sample Demog
- Page 13: 30. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Ind
- Page 17 and 18: anxiety, loneliness, and self-worth
- Page 19 and 20: Research Questions and Hypotheses T
- Page 21 and 22: . Null Hypotheses: There is no rela
- Page 23 and 24: information will be helpful to prac
- Page 25 and 26: Justice/Fair Justifications. An exp
- Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW Chapt
- Page 29 and 30: actively involved, or as defenders
- Page 31 and 32: who are victimized themselves), and
- Page 33 and 34: Bullying often occurs within the co
- Page 35 and 36: manipulate social relationships to
- Page 37 and 38: Longitudinal studies of children en
- Page 39 and 40: Bully Bullying also damages the bul
- Page 41 and 42: for the nonbully/nonvictim. From co
- Page 43 and 44: Being victimized has been correlate
- Page 45 and 46: Linking Social Support and Bullying
- Page 47 and 48: (Bandura, 1986, 1991). Bandura (198
- Page 49 and 50: Social-cognitive learning theory ha
- Page 51 and 52: influenced and guided by informatio
- Page 53 and 54: ignore him or her, or that it is be
- Page 55 and 56: (Dodge, 1980a; Dodge & Frame, 1982)
- Page 57 and 58: during a child’s early years and
- Page 59 and 60: The reader is reminded that the pur
- Page 61 and 62: CBVS is scored by comparing the dif
- Page 63 and 64: Other research suggests that childr
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
1. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Action Choices vs. Intellectual Ability Group ........................................................85<br />
2. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Intellectual Ability Group ................................................87<br />
3. CBVS Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Action Choices vs. CBVS Justification Choices ......................................................90<br />
4. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence Test and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Action Choices vs. Children’s Gender ..................................................................101<br />
5. Chi-Square (Ҳ2) Test for Independence Test and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Children’s Gender ..........................................................105<br />
6. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Action Choices vs. Story Character Role ..............................................................111<br />
7. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Story Character Role ......................................................116<br />
8. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Action Choices vs. Story Form <strong>of</strong> Victimization ..................................................122<br />
9. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions<br />
for CBVS Justification Choices vs. Story Form <strong>of</strong> Victimization ..........................................127<br />
10. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions for CBVS Action<br />
Choices vs. Bully/Victim Group Membership .......................................................................133<br />
11. Chi-Square (Ҳ 2 ) Test for Independence and Difference <strong>of</strong> Proportions for CBVS Justification<br />
Choices vs. Bully/Victim Group Membership .......................................................................135<br />
xiii
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