shot noise in mesoscopic conductors - Low Temperature Laboratory

Contents
Physics Reports 336 (2000) 1}166
Shot noise in mesoscopic conductors
Ya.M. Blanter*, M.BuK ttiker
De& partement de Physique The& orique, Universite& de Gene% ve, CH-1211, Gene%ve 4, Switzerland
1. Introduction 4
1.1. Purpose of this Review 4
1.2. Scope of the Review 4
1.3. Subjects not addressed in this Review 6
1.4. Fundamental sources of noise 7
1.5. Composition of the Review 11
2. Scattering theory of thermal and shot noise 12
2.1. Introduction 12
2.2. The Pauli principle 12
2.3. The scattering approach 18
2.4. General expressions for noise 24
2.5. Voltage #uctuations 29
2.6. Applications 32
2.7. Inelastic scattering. Phase breaking 63
3. Scattering theory of frequency-dependent
noise spectra 69
3.1. Introduction: current conservation 69
3.2. Low-frequency noise for independent
electrons: at equilibrium and in the
presence of dc transport 72
3.3. Low-frequency noise for independent
electrons: photon-assisted transport 75
3.4. Noise of a capacitor 79
3.5. Shot noise of a conductor observed at a gate 82
4. Shot noise in hybrid normal and
superconducting structures 86
4.1. Shot noise of normal-superconductor
interfaces 86
4.2. Noise of Josephson junctions 96
4.3. Noise of SNS hybrid structures 97
Received October 1999; editor: C.W.J. Beenakker
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: blanter@karystos.unige.ch (Ya.M. Blanter).
0370-1573/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 0 - 1 573(99)00123-4
5. Langevin and master equation approach to
noise: double-barrier structures 101
5.1. Quantum-mechanical versus classical
theories of shot noise 101
5.2. Suppression of shot noise in double-barrier
structures 103
5.3. Interaction e!ects and super-Poissonian
noise enhancement 108
6. Boltzmann}Langevin approach to noise:
disordered systems 113
6.1. Fluctuations and the Boltzmann
equation 113
6.2. Metallic di!usive systems: classical theory of
-noise
suppression and multi-probe
generalization 116
6.3. Interaction e!ects 119
6.4. Frequency dependence of shot noise 123
6.5. Shot noise in non-degenerate conductors 125
6.6. Boltzmann}Langevin method for shot
noise suppression in chaotic cavities with
di!usive boundary scattering 128
6.7. Minimal correlation approach to
shot noise in deterministic chaotic
cavities 131
7. Noise in strongly correlated systems 134
7.1. Coulomb blockade 134
7.2. Anderson and Kondo impurities 141
7.3. Tomonaga}Luttinger liquids and
fractional quantum Hall edge states 142
7.4. Composite fermions 148