shot noise in mesoscopic conductors - Low Temperature Laboratory
shot noise in mesoscopic conductors - Low Temperature Laboratory
shot noise in mesoscopic conductors - Low Temperature Laboratory
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Contents<br />
Physics Reports 336 (2000) 1}166<br />
Shot <strong>noise</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>mesoscopic</strong> <strong>conductors</strong><br />
Ya.M. Blanter*, M.BuK ttiker<br />
De& partement de Physique The& orique, Universite& de Gene% ve, CH-1211, Gene%ve 4, Switzerland<br />
1. Introduction 4<br />
1.1. Purpose of this Review 4<br />
1.2. Scope of the Review 4<br />
1.3. Subjects not addressed <strong>in</strong> this Review 6<br />
1.4. Fundamental sources of <strong>noise</strong> 7<br />
1.5. Composition of the Review 11<br />
2. Scatter<strong>in</strong>g theory of thermal and <strong>shot</strong> <strong>noise</strong> 12<br />
2.1. Introduction 12<br />
2.2. The Pauli pr<strong>in</strong>ciple 12<br />
2.3. The scatter<strong>in</strong>g approach 18<br />
2.4. General expressions for <strong>noise</strong> 24<br />
2.5. Voltage #uctuations 29<br />
2.6. Applications 32<br />
2.7. Inelastic scatter<strong>in</strong>g. Phase break<strong>in</strong>g 63<br />
3. Scatter<strong>in</strong>g theory of frequency-dependent<br />
<strong>noise</strong> spectra 69<br />
3.1. Introduction: current conservation 69<br />
3.2. <strong>Low</strong>-frequency <strong>noise</strong> for <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
electrons: at equilibrium and <strong>in</strong> the<br />
presence of dc transport 72<br />
3.3. <strong>Low</strong>-frequency <strong>noise</strong> for <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />
electrons: photon-assisted transport 75<br />
3.4. Noise of a capacitor 79<br />
3.5. Shot <strong>noise</strong> of a conductor observed at a gate 82<br />
4. Shot <strong>noise</strong> <strong>in</strong> hybrid normal and<br />
superconduct<strong>in</strong>g structures 86<br />
4.1. Shot <strong>noise</strong> of normal-superconductor<br />
<strong>in</strong>terfaces 86<br />
4.2. Noise of Josephson junctions 96<br />
4.3. Noise of SNS hybrid structures 97<br />
Received October 1999; editor: C.W.J. Beenakker<br />
* Correspond<strong>in</strong>g author.<br />
E-mail address: blanter@karystos.unige.ch (Ya.M. Blanter).<br />
0370-1573/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
PII: S 0 3 7 0 - 1 573(99)00123-4<br />
5. Langev<strong>in</strong> and master equation approach to<br />
<strong>noise</strong>: double-barrier structures 101<br />
5.1. Quantum-mechanical versus classical<br />
theories of <strong>shot</strong> <strong>noise</strong> 101<br />
5.2. Suppression of <strong>shot</strong> <strong>noise</strong> <strong>in</strong> double-barrier<br />
structures 103<br />
5.3. Interaction e!ects and super-Poissonian<br />
<strong>noise</strong> enhancement 108<br />
6. Boltzmann}Langev<strong>in</strong> approach to <strong>noise</strong>:<br />
disordered systems 113<br />
6.1. Fluctuations and the Boltzmann<br />
equation 113<br />
6.2. Metallic di!usive systems: classical theory of<br />
-<strong>noise</strong><br />
suppression and multi-probe<br />
<br />
generalization 116<br />
6.3. Interaction e!ects 119<br />
6.4. Frequency dependence of <strong>shot</strong> <strong>noise</strong> 123<br />
6.5. Shot <strong>noise</strong> <strong>in</strong> non-degenerate <strong>conductors</strong> 125<br />
6.6. Boltzmann}Langev<strong>in</strong> method for <strong>shot</strong><br />
<strong>noise</strong> suppression <strong>in</strong> chaotic cavities with<br />
di!usive boundary scatter<strong>in</strong>g 128<br />
6.7. M<strong>in</strong>imal correlation approach to<br />
<strong>shot</strong> <strong>noise</strong> <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong>istic chaotic<br />
cavities 131<br />
7. Noise <strong>in</strong> strongly correlated systems 134<br />
7.1. Coulomb blockade 134<br />
7.2. Anderson and Kondo impurities 141<br />
7.3. Tomonaga}Lutt<strong>in</strong>ger liquids and<br />
fractional quantum Hall edge states 142<br />
7.4. Composite fermions 148