Chapter 2. COST PER WAFER - Smithsonian - The Chip Collection

More documents

Recommendations

Info

industry in 1996, and 83 percent of all spending is performed by 25 companies. Worldwide, SEMI and SEAJ estimate that 63.5 percent of capital spending goes toward wafer processing equipment, 21 percent toward testing equipment, nearly 10 percent to assembly equipment and nearly 6 percent Billions of Dollars 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Percentage of Sales 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Annual Trend Growth = 14.7% 1986 1987 Year Cost Per Wafer to facility related equipment (i.e., computers, automation, etc.). These numbers equate to 1996 market sizes of $26.6 billion for wafer processing equipment, $8.8 billion for testing equipment, $4 billion for assembly equipment and $2.5 billion for facility equipment. Billions of Dollars 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Source: SIA 22728 Figure 2-7. Semiconductor R&D Expenditures Consumables (Gases and Chemicals) 16% Facilities and Property 19% Source: Intel/EE Times Other (Including Travel) 8% Labor 26% Equipment 31% INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ENGINEERING CORPORATION 2-7 19977A Figure 2-8. Breakdown of Semiconductor Technology Development Costs 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 Percent of Sales Revenues
Cost Per Wafer Depreciation schedules vary from one country to another. Semiconductor firms in the U.S. have attempted to change 5-year depreciation schedules on semiconductor processing equipment to 3 years to better reflect the rapid rate of technological obsolescence in fabs today. Despite bipartisan support in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, the bill to change these depreciation schedules did not pass. However, some progress was made in 1997 as a bill was passed to raise R&D tax credit for basic research from 8 percent to 11 percent. The bill also allows a 6 percent manufacturers investment credit for cleanrooms built by IC manufacturers and semiconductor equipment companies. Figure 2-9 shows depreciation schedules for a fab facility in the U.S. 2-8 Year in Service Land 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 100% 104% 108% 112% 117% 122% 127% 132% 137% 142% 148% 154% 160% 167% 173% 180% Fab Building 98% 97% 97% 97% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 91% 90% 89% 87% 85% 83% 81% Cleanroom Equipment 89% 79% 70% 62% 55% 49% 44% 39% 35% 31% 28% 25% 22% 20% 20% 20% Source: Oregon Department of Revenue 1994-1995 Electronics Trend and Depreciation Schedules Within the fab area, the photolithography cell is the most expensive (Figure 2-10), as leading-edge steppers and step-and-scan machines for 0.25um processing are priced between $5-$7 million each. In addition, the investment for advanced reticles is rising rapidly (Figure 2-11). Beyond lithography costs, the next most expensive is diffusion processes, followed by etching, thin film deposition, and ion implantation. Trends indicate a long-term increase in number of CVD, sputtering, and etching tools in the fab, principally driven by an increasing number of metal layers in advanced logic devices (currently at 5-6 levels for 64-bit MPUs), and the introduction of chemical mechanical polishing tools for global planarization. Many sources estimate that back-end wafer processing (all processing of films above the substrate level) accounts for more than 50 percent of overall cost per wafer. Wafer Processing Equipment 67% 46% 29% 16% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Office and Utility 98% 94% 90% 86% 82% 79% 76% 74% 72% 69% 67% 65% 64% 62% 61% 60% Figure 2-9. Depreciation Schedules Projected Appraised Value of Investment as Percentage of Original Cost 22729 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Page 1 and 2: 2 Cost Per Wafer
Page 3 and 4: Cost Per Wafer R&D = $74 (10.1%) 2-
Page 5 and 6: Cost Per Wafer Beyond these broad c
Page 7: Cost Per Wafer In addition, as tech
Page 11 and 12: Cost Per Wafer 2-10 Net Fixed Asset
Page 13 and 14: Cost Per Wafer 2-12 Semiconductor (
Page 15 and 16: Employees (Thousands) Cost Per Wafe
Page 17 and 18: Cost Per Wafer DRAM, MPU and ASIC M
Page 19 and 20: Cost Per Wafer Figure 2-24 shows fu
Page 21: Cost Per Wafer 2-20 INTEGRATED CIRC

Chapter 2. COST PER WAFER - Smithsonian - The Chip Collection

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?