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8 Chapter 1 Introduction Figure 1.4: Coronal section of the hippocampal body after intravascular India ink injection. Bar= 1.5mm. 1–4, CA1–CA4 (fields of the cornu Ammonis). Sublayers of CA1: 5, alveus; 6, stratum pyramidale; 7, strata radiatum and lacunosum; 8, stratum moleculare. Gyrus dentatus: 9, stratum moleculare; 10, vestigial hippocampal sulcus; 11, subiculum; 12, margo denticulatus; 13, superficial hippocampal sulcus; 14, fimbriodentate sulcus; 15, fimbria; 16, choroid plexuses; 17, tail of caudate nucleus; 18, temporal (inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle. Source: Duvernoy (2005). The polysynaptic (trisynaptic) circuit (Andersen et al., 1971) describes the intrinsic connection of the hippocampal formation. The axons from entorhinal cortex perforates to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus via the perforant pathway. An alternative alvear pathway reaches CA1 from entorhinal cortex via alveus. The dendrites of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus synapse with the afferent fibers, and their axons (mossy fibers) extend to CA3, where the pyramidal cells emit the Schaffer collaterals projecting to CA1. The circuit completes as the axons from CA1 reaches subiculum, which projects to the entorhinal cortex. The intrinsic circuitry is involved in the important role of of hippocampus in form- ing and consolidating long-term memory. The perforant pathway demonstrates the long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of neuroplastisity, which enhances the
Chapter 1 Introduction 9 synaptic efficacy after rhythmic stimulation and persists after a long period of time. It is now thought to be the mechanism underlying the memory process (Lynch, 2004). In Alzheimer’s disease, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are affected at an early stage. Amyloid deposit is present in CA1 and subiculum in Braak stage B (Braak and Braak, 1991). Deficits in LTP and memory have been found following injection of Aβ in region of hippocampus and the aggregation of amyloid (Stéphan et al., 2001; Walsh and Selkoe, 2004) The tau pathology first develops in the transen- torhinal region (Braak stage I), and soon spread to hippocampus (Braak stage II). As result of the damage caused by the tangles, the hippocampal formation experiences significant loss of neurons, especially in the CA1 and subiculum, as the severity of disease progresses. 1.1.3 MRI in AD studies The advancement in modern imaging technologies provides an approach to the internal structures and functioning in the studies of the anatomy, physiology and pathology. A variety of modalities have been developed, and become important tool in clinical diagnosis. The computational and algorithmic development facili- tating the signal processing, quantitative analysis, and visualization also prove to be valuable in the biomedical studies. Various forms of structural and functional imaging modalities have been employed in the AD studies and diagnosis (Villemagne et al., 2005; Ebmeier et al., 2005; Vi- tali et al., 2008; Tartaglia et al., 2011; Barkhof et al., 2011). Among the structural imaging methods, although CT is widely used in clinical practice, patients are screened by CT mainly to exclude other dementia of treatable causes such as tu- mor and haematoma. Structural MRI is the more common choice due to its higher resolution and better contrast in soft tissues. The structural MRI based atrophy measures are established as valid marker for AD.
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144 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS using dive
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146 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alzheimer, A. (191
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148 BIBLIOGRAPHY Baillard, C., Hell
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152 BIBLIOGRAPHY B. (2008). Three-d
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154 BIBLIOGRAPHY Cootes, T. F., Tay
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156 BIBLIOGRAPHY head in MR images
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158 BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, A. C., Coll
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 Ghanei, A., Soltan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 Heckemann, R. A.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 165 R. C. (2003). MRI
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 Konrad, C., Ukas,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 Mahony, R. and Man
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 171 disease, mild cogn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 Barillot, C., Hayn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 181 Tzourio-Mazoyer, N
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Vos, F. M., de Bru
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Woolrich, M. W., J
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