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plants. Competition affected the fitness of NC and CP plants. The stronger the competition was, t he m ore obvi ous t he f itness a dvantage of N C pl ants. T herefore, he rbivore and competition pr essure m ight e nhance t he f itness of t ransgenic h ybrids i n m ixed s tands w ith wild relatives. It is timely to pay enough attention to herbivore pressure that could increase the occurrence of gene flow between transgenic crops and wild relatives. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS We thank Alain Fleury for help in the field and laboratory. This work was supported by a PhD scholarship from the French Embassy in China. REFERENCES Burke, J .M., a nd R ieseberg. L.H., 2003. F itness e ffects of t ransgenic di sease r esistance i n sunflowers. Science, 300,1250. Chèvre A M., E ber F., Baranger A ., R enard M ., 1997. G ene flow f rom t ransgenic c rops. Nature, 389:924. Di K., Stewart C.N, Wei W, Shen BC., Tang ZX., Ma KP., 2009. Fitness and maternal effects in h ybrids f ormed b etween t ransgenic o ilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and w ild brown mustard (B. juncea (L.) Czern et Coss.) in the field. Pest Manag. Sci. 65: 753- 760. Ellstrand N .C, P rentice H .C., H ancock J .F., 1999. G ene flow a nd introgression f rom domesticated plants into their wild relatives. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 30, 539–563. Frello S., Hansen K.R., Jensen J., Jorgensen R.B., 1995. Inheritance of rapeseed (Brassicanapus) s pecific R APD M arkers an d a t ransgene i n t he cr oss Brassica-juncea X (Brassica-juncea X Brassica-napus). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 91, 236-241. Hauser T.P, Shaw R.G., Østergård H. 1998. Fitness of F1 hybrids between weedy Brassica rapa and oilseed rape (B. napus). Heredity, 81, 429–435. Jørgensen R.B., Andersen B. 1994. Spontaneous hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) an d w eedy B. c ampestris (Brassicaceae): A r isk o f growing g enetically modified oilseed rape. Am. J. Bot., 81, 1620–1626. 93
Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 2009. P lant f itness a ssessment f or w ild r elatives of i nsect resistant crops. Environ. Biosafety Res, 8, 45–55. Meirmans P. G., Bousquet J ., Isabel N, 2008. A metapopulation model for the introgression from genetically modified plants into their wild relatives. Evolutionary Applications, 2, 160–171. Moon H.S., Halfhill M.D., Good L.L., Raymer P.L., Stewart C.N., 2007. Characterization of directly transformed w eedy Brassica r apa and i ntrogressed B. r apa with B t c ry1Ac and gfp genes. Plant Cell Rep, 26, 1001–1010. Pertl M ., H auser T .P., Damgaard C ., J orgensen R .B., 2002. M ale f itness of oi lseed r ape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds. Heredity, 89, 212–218. Ramachandran S ., B untin G .D., A ll J .N., R aymer P .L., S tewart C .N., 2000. Intraspecific competition of a n i nsect-resistant t ransgenic canola i n s eed m ixtures. A gron. J ., 92 , 368–374. Roy N .N., 1978. S tudy on di sease v ariartion i n popul ations of a n i nterspecific c ross of Brassica-juncea X B. napus. Euphytica, 27, 145-149. Sutherland J.P., Justinova L., Poppy G.M. 2006. The responses of crop-wild Brassica hybrids to s imulated he rbivory a nd i nterspecific c ompetition: I mplications f or t ransgene introgression. Environ. Biosafety Res., 5, 15–25. Stewart C.N., All J.N., Raymer P.L., Ramachandran S., 1997. Increased fitness of transgenic insecticidal rapeseed under insect selection pressure. Mol. Ecol., 6, 773–779. Snow, A.A., Pilson D., Rieseberg L.H., Paulsen M.J., Pleskac N., Reagon M.R., Wolf D.E., 2003. A Bt transgene r educes herbivory and e nhances f ecundity in wild sunflowers. Ecological Applications, 13, 279–286. Vacher C., Weiss A.E., Hermann D., Kossler T., Young C., Hochberg M.E. 2004. Impact of ecological f actors on t he i nitial i nvasion of B t transgenes i nto w ild popul ations of birdseed rape (Brassica rapa). Theor. Appl. Genet., 109, 806–814. Weis A .E., H ochberg M.E., 2000. T he di verse e ffects of i ntraspecific c ompetition on t he selective advantage to resistance: a model and its predictions. Am. Nat., 156, 276–292. 94
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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