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When one of four leaves (1/4) was clipped, CP and NC plants produced similar silique numbers, biomass and seed numbers (Fig. 3.2). Significant differences were observed when plants suffered severe leaf damage, when one of two (1/2), two successive leaves of four (2/4) and three of four (3/4) leaves were clipped. At the 3/4 clipping treatment, the average silique number of NC was almost 5-fold higher (78±10) than CP (16±2) (df=1, F=9.42, P=0.022), the biomass w as a lmost 3 -fold hi gher ( 9.72±0.39 v ersus 3.38± 0.22) (F=50.96, P =0.0004), a nd seed num ber a lmost 6 -fold hi gher ( 504±84 v ersus 86± 12) ( F=6.12, P =0.048). T herefore, silique number, biomass and seed number of CP plants decreased as the proportion of clipped leaves increased. DISCUSSION Simulated herbivory pressure enhances the fitness of insect-resistant populations Experiments w here s imulated he rbivory was employed t o m easure t he d ifferences b etween transgenic a nd w ild r elatives ha ve a lready b een c arried out ( Sutherland e t a l. 2006; Letourneau and Hagen 2009). Here, NC plants stand for a transgenic insect-resistant hybrid population a nd C P f or a popul ation of a n i nsect-susceptible w ild r elative. A s ex pected, clipping l eaves h ad a n egative i mpact o n t he p erformance o f Brassica j uncea: N C p lants produced more siliques, higher biomass and more seeds than CP. Our results demonstrate that simulated herbivory pressure can enhance the fitness of an insect-resistant population. Most s tudies ha ve s hown a s tatistically s ignificant i ncrease i n s eed out put a nd f inal biomass w hen G M Bt p lants w ere e xposed t o i nsect he rbivores or t o s imulated he rbivory, compared to non-GM plants. Ramachandran et al. (2000) reported such an effect in seed yield and biomass in transgenic oilseed rape infested by diamondback moth larvae in greenhouse and field experiments. Sutherland et al. (2006) found no s ignificantly different fitness effect when o nly cotyledons were d amaged m echanically o f B. napus and B. r apa and t heir F1 hybrids, w hile a s light e ffect upon f inal bi omass w as r ecorded. In a c omparison be tween transgenic B t B. r apa and B. r apa × B .napus introgressed h ybrids i n greenhouse an d f ield experiments, Moon et al. (2007) demonstrated no significant difference in seed output and dry weight with low herbivore pressure. Letourneau and Hagen (2009) showed that seed output and s ilique num ber of B.rapa were s ignificantly greater w hen p lants were p rotected f rom 89
herbivores than when exposed to Bt susceptible herbivores. The decrease in herbivore damage expected after gene flow from Bt Brassica crops (B. napus) to B. juncea is likely to result in greater vegetative and reproductive performance, and an increase in plant fitness compared to a wild B. juncea population that does not contain the insect-resistance trait. Fig. 3.2: S ilique number, biomass and seed numbers of plants with (CP) or without (NC) clipped l eaves a ccording t o t he clipping tr eatment ( CP, d ots a nd r ed lin e; N C, c ircles a nd dotted blue line) Fig. 3.2. Nombres de siliques, biomasse et nombre de semences des plantes avec (CP) ou sans (NC) feuilles coupées selon la proportion de feuilles coupées sur chaque plante (CP, points et ligne rouge ; NC, cercle et ligne bleu) However, i n t he a bsence of he rbivore p ressure, t ransgenic pl ants m ight ha ve l ower fitness t han w ild pl ants be cause pr oducing t he B t pr otein c ould be c ostly for t he pl ant’s physiology. Low s eed pr oduction a nd low pol len f ertility h ave be en observed i n h ybrid material (Jorgensen and Andersen 1994; Chèvre et al. 1997; Hauser et al. 1998; Pertl et al. 2002), probably because of both the potential deleterious effects of hybridization and the cost of r esistance ex pression. T his que stion c annot be a ddressed i n our e xperiment. In addition, before i ntrogressed B. j uncea is pr oduced, t he t ransgene m ust b e t ransmitted t hrough 90
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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