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four groups, 50 % of plants were clipped. CP and NC plants were alternately planted within each pot. When th e f irst s iliques w ere m atured completely (i.e. yellow in c olor), th e s iliques were counted on every plant, then all the plants were cut at the base and left to dry at room temperature, an d t hey were t hreshed t o co llect t he s eeds. S tems an d l eaves an d s ilique material, e xcept s eeds, were dr ied i n a n ove n a t 80 °C f or 48 h, a nd f inal dr y w eight w as measured. Seed number per plant was calculated. The averaged CP and NC data per plot were used in fixed-effects ANOVA, and we used a 0.05 probability level for statistical significance. RESULTS Effects of different percentages of NC plants The ANOVA showed that clipping leaves had a significant effect on the three measures. NC plants pr oduced m ore s iliques, hi gher bi omass and m ore s eeds ( Table 3.1) t han C P. N o difference was obs erved a mong t reatments for t he N C pe rcentage, and t here w as no interaction (Table 3.1). Among the different NC percentages, no difference was recorded for the three measures of NC: s ilique num ber ( df=3, F =1.32, P =0.30), bi omass ( F=1.20, P =0.35), a nd s eed num ber (F=0.68, P=0.58). For CP, different treatments showed different silique number (df=3, F=5.58, P=0.012) and biomass (F=7.88, P= 0.0036), but not different seed number (F=1.93, P= 0.18). CP plants in pure stands produced two times more than in 50% mixed stands. When l ooking a t t he given N C pe rcentage t reatments, s ome s ignificant di fferences appeared between NC and CP in spite of high variability. At the mixed stand of 75% NC, NC population pr oduced m ore s iliques ( df=1, F =8.11, P =0.029) a nd hi gher biomass ( F=21.97, P=0.003) than CP on average. At the 50% mixed stand, the differences reached a maximum: the average silique number (80±7) was 2.9-fold more than CP (27±4) (F=8.11, P=0.029); the biomass of NC (10.84±0.36) was 3.2-fold more than CP (3.29±0.19) (F=21.97, P=0.003); and seed number (460±43) of NC was 3.3-fold more than CP (138±16) (F=11.92, P=0.014). There was no difference at the 25 % NC treatment. 85
Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the effect of clipping (CP) versus not clipping (NC) leaves and the pe rcentage of pl ants w ith non -clipped l eaves ( NC), s howing t he F t est va lue a nd i ts probability P for each test. Tableau 3.1: Résultats de l’ANOVA des effets de couper (CP) ou non ( NC) les feuilles et du pourcentage de NC. F valeur du test et sa probabilité P. Silique number Biomass Seed number DF F P F P F P CP vs NC 1 19.62
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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