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ARTICLE 3 SIMULATION O F I NSECT-RESISTANCE I N G ENE FLOW S TUDY BETWEEN BRASSICA NAPUS AND WILD B. JUNCEA Y.B. LIU, H. DARMENCY, W. WEI XIII ème COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL S UR LA BIOLOGIE D ES MAUVAISES HERBES, DIJON. Association Française pour la Protection des Plantes, 144-153 SUMMARY: Gene flow from transgenic crops could introduce novel traits into wild relatives, but the fate of t ransgenic h ybrids i s unknow n w ithin w ild popul ations. W e s tudy here how a n i nsectresistance gene es caped f rom Brassica napus into B. j uncea may a ffect p lant f itness, competition and population dynamics of the wild relative. Insect herbivory was simulated by four d ifferent l eaf-clipping t reatments, w hile di fferent r atios of c lipped ve rsus non -clipped plants provided different competition intensities. With increased proportions of clipped leaves, the in tensity o f s imulated he rbivory amplified t he f itness a dvantage of the i nsect-resistant population. Competition magnified the fitness advantage of the insect-resistant plant, but as their frequency increases, neighbor competition limits their growth. Key words: insect-resistance, plant fitness, genetically modified crops, competition RÉSUMÉ : SIMULATION DE LA RESISTANCE AUX INSECTES DANS UNE ETUDE DE FLUX DE GENES ENTRE BRASSICA NAPUS ET B. JUNCEA SAUVAGE Le flux inéluctable de gènes des cultures transgéniques peut drainer de nouveaux traits chez les pl antes s auvages, m ais l e de venir d es h ybrides t ransgéniques a u s ein de s popul ations sauvages r este à p réciser. N ous ét udions i ci co mment u n g ène d e r ésistance au x i nsectes transmis d e Brassica na pus à un B. j uncea sauvage p eut m odifier l a v aleur adaptative, l a 81
compétition et le devenir des populations. La résistance aux insectes et différents niveaux de compétition o nt é té s imulés p ar q uatre régimes d ’ablation d es f euilles e t d ifférentes proportions de plantes à feuilles coupées ou non. Plus l’ablation est fréquente, plus l’intensité de p ression d e s élection au gmente et am plifie l ’avantage d es p lantes r ésistantes. La compétition augmente encore l’avantage des résistants, mais lorsque leur fréquence augmente, la compétition limite leur expansion. Mots-clés: résistance aux insectes, valeur adaptative, culture transgénique, compétition 82
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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