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napus, Theor. Appl. Genet. 91 (1995) 236–241. [13] D.J. Bing, R.K. Downey, G.F.W. Rakow, Hybridizations among Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. j uncea and t heir t wo w eedy relatives B.nigra and Sinapis ar vensis under op en pollination conditions in the field, Plant Breeding 115 (1996) 470-473. [14] X .L. S ong, C .H. Huangfu, S . Qiang, G ene f low f rom t ransgenic glufosinate- or glyphosate-tolerant oilseed rape to wild rape, J. Plant Ecol. 31 (2007) 729-737. [15] K. Di, C.N. Stewart J r, W. Wei, B.C. Shen, Z.X; Tang, K.P. Ma, Fitness an d m aternal effects i n h ybrids f ormed b etween t ransgenic o ilseed r ape ( Brassica nap us L.) and w ild brown mustard [B. juncea (L.) Czern et Coss.] in the field, Pest Manag Sci. 65 (2009) 753– 760. [16] W. Wei, H. Darmency, Gene flow hampered by low seed size of hybrids between oilseed rape and five wild relatives, Seed Sci. Res. 18 (2008) 115–123. [17] X. Song, Z. Wang, J. Zuo, C. Huangfu, S. Qiang, Potential gene flow of two herbicide- tolerant transgenes from oilseed rape to wild B. juncea var. gracilis, Theor. Appl. Genet. 120 (2010) 1501-1510. [18] M. Issaka Magha, P. Guerche, M. Bergeon, M. Renard, Characterization of a spontaneous rapeseed mutant tolerant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides, Plant Breeding 111 (1993) 132-141. [19] F. Akinerden, Determination of the ploidy level of pure and mixed plant populations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by flow cytometry, Plant Breeding 107 (1991) 333-337. [20] T.M. P almer, M . Z immerman, P ollen c ompetition a nd s porophyte fitness i n Brassica campestris: does intense pollen competition result in individuals with better pollen, Oikos 69 (1994) 80-86. [21] C.J. Schelfhout, R. Snowdon, W.A. Cowling, J.M. Wroth, Tracing B-genome chromatin in Brassica napus x B. juncea interspecific progeny, Genome 49 (2006) 1490-1497. [22] X.L. Song, K. Munns, S. Qiang, R. Blackshaw, R. Sharma, Detection and quantification of 5 e nolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate s ynthase ( cp4 e psps) upon Brassica napus × Brassica j uncea outcrossing us ing r eal-time P CR, E ur. F ood. R es. Technol. 228 (2009) 939–944. [23] R.C. Yang, M.R. Thiagarajah, V.K. Bansal, G.R. Stringam, M.H. Rahman, Detecting and estimating segregation d istortion and linkage between glufosinate tolerance and blackleg resistance in Brassica napus L, Euphytica 148 (2006) 217–225. [24] L .G. C ampbel, A .A. S now, P .M. Sweeney, W hen di vergent l ife histories h ybridize: 75
insight into adaptive life-history traits in an annual weed, New. Phytol. 184 (2009) 806-818. [25] M.M. Vila-Aiub, P. Neve, S.B. Powles, Fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance alleles in plants, New Phytol 184 (2009) 751-767. [26] A. Husken, A. Dietz-Pfeilstetter, Pollen-mediated intraspecific gene flow from herbicide resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Transgenic. Res. 16 (2007) 57–569. 76
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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