Jacques Caneill, Béryl Laitung, Valérie Le Corre, Bernard Nicolardot, Jean-Michel Thomas, Maurice Tremoy and many others. My special thanks also go to Alain Fleury who worked together with me in greenhouse and field, and Annick Matejicek who helped me in laboratory, Dominique Meunier, Florence Strbik and François Dugue who helped me in field experiments. I would like to thank Émilie Ca<strong>de</strong>t, Gilles Louviot, Séverine Michel, Karelle Boucansaud, Arnaud Coffin, Hugues Busset, and many others for their support in manipulating experiments. I a ppreciate t he P hD or pos t-doctor r esearchers w ho w orked di ligently in B GA: Dominique J acquin, H elmut M eiss, R ichard G unton, Solène B ellanger, Delphine M ézière, Stéphane C or<strong>de</strong>au, C écile P etit, Y ann T ricault, A ntoine G ardarin, A line B oursoult, Aimé Dongmo, Mélanie Le Guilloux, Young Jin Chun, Benjamin Borgy, Benjamin Gard, Coraline Caullet, Clément Tschudy and many others. I wish to express my gratitu<strong>de</strong> to all my friends in France, Dr. Zhanwu Dai, Sebastien Guyot, Yacine M erabtine, C laire S imon, A nn-Katrin G embries, F anny Chouette, Hamidou Diallo, as well as Tianlu Zheng, Sailing Yuan, Rujin Zhang, Yuanyuan Luo, Huaiqian Li, Bin Fan, Xiangdong Meng, Ting Zhang, Yucong Duan, J iali Ruan, Beibei Qi, and many others who helped me i n s ome ex periments an d in m y daily life, making m y stay in France more colorful and won<strong>de</strong>rful. I appreciate Dominique Jacquin families who generously shared their farmland, time, and local knowledge. I am very grateful to the members of the Ma lab, Dr. Shouren Zhang, Dr. Kequan Pei, Dr. Mei Yu, Dr. Xiangcheng Mi, Dr. Yu Liang, Dr. Xiaojun Du, Dr. Haibao Ren, Dr. Li Zhu, Dr. Jiangshan Lai, Dr. Tiemei Chen, Hu Yuan, Shunzhong Wang, Yanhong Bin, Zhixi Tang, Kun Di, Baocheng Shen, Yingting Le, Jingjing Dong, Chaoyang Wu, Lei Lei, Pengfei Zhang, Qian Luo and many others for their assistance i n ex periments an d important discussions in ii
forming many of the i<strong>de</strong>as I present and constructive criticisms of the work in early and late stage. Many thanks go to my master supervisor Qibin Zhang who enrolled me as a master to start m y s tudy and ta ught me h ow to w rite E nglish a rticles. I a lso w ould l ike t o t hank t he members of the Zhang lab, Hongyan Qiu, Lixin Lv, Gaiai Guo, Caiyun Liu, Chunming Shi, Zongshan Li, Xiaochun Wang, Pei Xing and others for their help in my study. I am very grateful to my friends in China, Zhongkui Luo, Weiqing Wang, Zhenchang Liang, G uangkun Y in, Tingting M eng, J uan W ang, Fan Bai, J ianyin H u, C huanglong Li, Liyan Zhang, Jin Shi, Sha Chen, Feng Wang, Liang Chen, and Qinglu Yuan, Xijiang Ouyang, Yu Wei, as well as Xiaohong Yuan, Jianfen Li, Xiahui Peng, Yurong Wang, Yiping Fu, Kun Chen, Honghua Xiao, Ji She, Jiaoyan Zhu and many many others for their constant assistance in m y s tudy and d aily l ife. I’d l ike t o t hank J inlong Zhang, Lixin Lv and G uoke C hen i n <strong>de</strong>aling with many kinds of administrative issues for my studying aboard. The work presented here was financially supported by several projects of the Natural Science F oundation of C hina (grant no. 30970432 a nd 30670316 ) and b y a P hD j oint fellowship between China and France (CNOUS, No. 20072315). Finally, special thanks go t o my family: my dad Yunzhong Liu, my mom Guitao Yi, my ol d s isters Y anling Liu a nd Y anjiao Liu, m y l ittle br other X iaobo Liu, br others-in-law, nephews and nieces. My parents still work hard and save money on food and expenses for my study. Without your support, I could not have realized this goal. Thank you for the freedom to pursue my own path - such a rare luxury for poor families in the world. Thank you, thank you, thank you! <strong>Yongbo</strong> <strong>LIU</strong> 刘勇波 iii
- Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
- Page 3: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
- Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
- Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
- Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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- Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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- Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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- Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
- Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
- Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
- Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma