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2.2 Article 1: Les effets de la taille des semences sur la fitness des plantes et son r ôle s ur le s f lux d e t ransgènes e ntre le c olza ( Brassica n apus) e t l a moutarde brune sauvage (B. juncea) Des h ybrides t ransgéniques F 1 (trF1) ont été ob tenus e ntre l a m outarde s auvage ( Brassica juncea) et un colza transgénique « Bt » (B. napus, cv. Westar) ainsi que des hybrides F1 non transgéniques (ntrF1) avec le parent conventionnel (cv. Westar). Dans le but de détecter si la taille de la semence hybride représentait un obstacle dans le flux de gènes, les semences des deux hybrides F1 et de leurs parents ont été séparées en trois catégories : grosse, moyenne et petite. Les trois catégories de moutarde ont été semées à trois densités à Beijing afin de tester l’interaction a vec l’ intensité d e c ompétition. D ans u n a utre e ssai, le s trois c atégories d e chacun de s qua tre t ypes de pl ante, m outarde, c olza B t, t rF1 e t nt rF1, ont é té s emées e n mélange à deux densités. Date de floraison, nombre et poids des semences et biomasse ont été mesurés pour chaque plante. La d ensité d es p lantes a s ignificativement a ffecté l a b iomasse et l a p roduction d e semences. La taille des semences a aussi eu une influence sur la croissance et la reproduction, mais avec des variations selon le type de plante, la densité et le type de voisinage. Les plantes de co lza B t i ssues d e p etites s emences ont pr oduit m oins de b iomasse e t de s emences que celles i ssues d e g rosses semences. E lles o nt s eulement f leuri p lus t ard p our l a m outarde et ntrF1, s ans au tre d ifférence av ec cel les i ssues d es g rosses s emences. Les p lantes d e p etites semences et grosses semences de trF1 n’ont pas différence pour toutes les issues. Ces r ésultats m ontrent que l e f lux d e g ènes ne d evrait p as êt re en travé p ar l a production de pe tites s emences h ybrides du f ait d’ une f itness amoindrie. A u contraire, l es petites semences sont plus facilement triées par les moissonneuses et éjectées sur le sol que les grosses semences (de type colza) lors de la récolte au champ. Elles sont ensuite enfouies dans le sol ou facilement dispersées à la surface et représentent un risque majeur d’infestation comme repousse les années suivantes. 35
ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size on plant fitness with implication for transgene flow between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild brown mustard (Brassica juncea) Yongbo LIU, Zhixi TANG, Henri DARMENCY, C. Neal STEWART, Jr., Wei WEI, Keping MA Abstract Recent work has advanced the h ypothesis that gene flow could b e hampered b y small seed size of hybrids formed between crop cultivars and their wild relatives as small seeds may be disadvantaged in their early establishment to plants in nature. Herein we report plant fitness of three seed-size categories in hybrids formed between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and w ild B. j uncea as well as i n t heir p arents, P lant d ensity is co nsidered as an i mportant factor. Plant density and seed size significantly affected plant growth and reproduction. The influence of seed size on plant fitness varied among genetic backgrounds and was affected by plant density and competing neighbors. Small-seeded transgenic oilseed rape plants had lower fitness than larger-seeded plants. Plants from small-sized seeds had delayed flowering but did not ha ve di fferent bi omass a nd s eed out put i n non-transgenic F 1 and wild B. j uncea, and small-seeded plants had the same fitness as large-seeded ones in transgenic F1. These results imply that further gene flow could not be reduced by the production of small-sized seeds in transgenic hybrids in field. Indeed, considering competition factors and also that small seeds can persist in soil and/or disperse more easily compared to larger seeds, biosafety and gene flow could actually be more problematic in small-seeded transgenic hybrids. Key words: commercial release, competition, gene flow, plant density, seed size, transgenic crops 36
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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