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given f ield (sympatry) or a cross f ields t hrough l ong di stance di spersal of pol len can be transmitted either through pollens or seeds from crops to wild relatives. 1.2.1 Seed dispersal Seed banks of transgenic crops with dormant seeds can build up na turally in the soil. Seed loss at harvest, shallow cultivation and ploughing timing have been identified as key factors to prevent incorporation of seeds into the seedbank (Begg et al. 2006). Oilseed rape (B. napus) possesses c haracteristics t hat f avour t he f ormation a nd p ersistence of a seed ba nk, i .e. pod shattering and inducible secondary dormancy. Volunteer recruitment from oilseed rape field was observed, suggesting seeds could be dormant in tilled as well as no-tilled fields (Simard et a l. 2002) . B eside t he actual pr oduction a rea o f t ransgenic c rops a nd t he l ocations w here crops gr own, hum ans c an a lso be a ve ctor f or unw anted gene flow dur ing t he t ransport, processing, and exchange of transgenic seeds. Several GM oilseed rape plants were detected at major ports and along roadsides in Japan, and these plants probably resulted from imported GM oilseed rape seeds because these seeds was not commercially cultivated (Saji et al. 2005; Aono et al. 2006). S imilarly, in Korea, a feral plant of GM maize (Zea mays) was detected along a roadside near a Korean seaport (Kim et al. 2006). Volunteers arise from the seed bank in subsequent years, which can serve as a source or bridge for pollen flow. 1.2.2 Pollen dispersal Oilseed rape is self-fertile, with pollen movement by both wind and insects (Williams et al. 1987). Interplant outcrossing rates range from 12 to 47% (Becker et al. 1992; Lavigne et al. 1998). Pollen-mediated gene flow in oilseed rape is affected by a variety of factors, including flowering t ime, ge notypes, w ind s peed a nd di rection, di stance be tween donor a nd r ecipient populations. Pollens of oilseed rape were observed 1.5km from source field, and they were sufficient in number (22 pollens grains m3) to allow seed set (Timmoms et al. 1995). Gene flow for transgenic oilseed rape could occur at several kilometers from pollen resource (Table 1.1; Rieger et al. 2002; Cai et al. 2008). However, approximately half of the pollen produced by an individual plant fell within 3 m , and dispersal from whole plots instead of individual plants would have underestimated the proportion of pollen (Lavigne et al. 1998). However, the majority of GM crossing fertilization occurs less than 10m (Husken and Dietz-Pfeilstetter 2007), with a decline over 50m. Generally, the degree of gene flow between 19
populations is reduced as the distance between the pollen source and the recipient population increases (Beckie et al. 2003). However, some r esults also have found long-distance p ollen dispersal was random. The rate of long-distance pollen dispersal from 33 to 2000 m did not present a g radual d ecrease, an d wind significantly affects the pollen dispersal direction and distance ( Cai e t a l. 200 8). S imilarly, a r andom distribution w ith i solated pol lination e vents was detected by Rieger et al. (2002), and this could be explained by the multiple pollinating agents ( wind and i nsects) of oi lseed rape a nd the l arge s ize of t he s ource. In a ddition, Cresswell ( 1997) f ound t hat pol linator-mediated ge ne flow w as unr elated t o pl ant s patial heterogeneity, and the e ffects o f plant aggregation on gene flow will de pend on t he spatial scale of the inter-patch distances. Table 1 .1 Pollen-mediated gene f low (GF) o ccurred at t he m aximum d istance from p ollen resources of GM oilseed rape (B. napus) References Max. distance Max. distance Gene flow rate GM studied (m) occurred GF (m) (%) Scheffler et al. 1995 400 400 0.004 glufosinate Beckie et al 2003 800 400 0.04-0.05 glyphosate, glufosinate Cai et al. 2008 2000 2000
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9 and 10: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 11 and 12: Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76:
plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208:
Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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