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Annex 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION (English version) The new traits would affect the growth and reproduction of interspecific hybride progenies (Ellstrand et al. 1999; Snow et al. 2003; Halfhill et al. 2005; Campbell et al. 2006). When resistant plants invade susceptible wild populations, or when the transgene conferring resistance is transmitted to wild populations, the competition existing between resistant and susceptible plants would impact both the two plant types, resistant and susceptible plants. Because of the resistance advantage of the resistant plants, they might suppress the growth of the susceptible plants for competing resources. At the same time, the competitive interaction between resistant and susceptible plants is expected to vary as the relative proportion of both plant types vary in the population because of the change of neighbors. In addition, it is likely that this competitive interaction depends on the surrounding growth conditions, such as resource availability, herbivory, herbicide and virus diseases pressures (Ramachandran et al. 2000; Vacher et al. 2004; Campbell and Snow 2007). Over the long term, the persistence of transgenes or transgenic plants in a wild population should result in shift in the population dynamics, and affect the direction and consequences of population variation. While transgenic plants dominate the wild population, the susceptible wild plants may either coexist with resistant plants or face an endanger situation, which could depend on the competition for resources and harsh conditions like high herbivory (Stewart et al. 1997; Ramachandran et al. 2000; Letourneau and Hagen 2009). Another important outcome could be the evolution of plant morphological (such as flower color or size, fruit shape or seed size) and life-history traits (such as flowering time, growth and reproduction, seed germination), because the transgene could be either directly related with these traits or affect them indirectly via the long-term evolution process. However, the study of long-term evolution processes is very difficult because of the lack of appropriate (wild) transgenic materials and the limitation of time. An alternate method is using models to carry out simulations, but models also need precise data to run. The discovery of a wild population introgressed by conventional crops could be invaluable as an alternative for detecting the possible long-term effects of gene flow and introgression between transgenic crops and wild relatives. 197
Therefore, after a review of the state of the art about the impact of transgene and selected genes in the introgression, my thesis focuses on the following questions: 1) Does small seed size of transgenic progeny hamper the gene flow and introgression between crops and wild relatives? (Chapter 2.2) 2) Does transgenic progeny, hybrids and backcrosses, persist in and outside of cultivated fields after gene flow? (Chapter 2.3) 3) What resulted from the advantage of insect-resistant in individual plant and population production: under simulated herbivory (Chapter 3.2 and 3.3) and real herbivory pressure (Chapter 3.4)? 4) Does ancient introgression between crops and their wild relatives could be detected and change morphological and life traits of populations? (Chapter 4) 198
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
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Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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