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tolerant oilseed rape to wild rape. Journal of Plant Ecology 31:729-737. Song XL, Munns K, Qiang S, Blackshaw R, Sharma R. 2009. Detection and quantification of 5 e nolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate s ynthase ( cp4 e psps) upon Brassica napus × Brassica j uncea outcrossing us ing r eal-time P CR. European F ood Research and Technology 228:939–944. Spataro T, B ernstein C . 2004. C ombined e ffects of i ntraspecific competition a nd pa rasitoid attacks on t he d ynamics of a hos t popul ation: a s tage-structured m odel. O IKOS 105: 148-158Steets JA., Salla R, and Ashman TL. 2006. Herbivory and competition interact to affect r eproductive tr aits and mating s ystem expression in impatiens cap ensis. T he American Naturalist, 167: 591-600 Stace CA. 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge. University Press, UK. Stanton M L, S now A A, H andel S N and Bereczky J . 1989. T he i mpact of a flower-color polymorphism on m ating pa tterns i n experimental ^ populations of w ild r adish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Evolution, 43: 335-346 Stanton, M.L. 1988. S eed size and emergence time within a stand of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.): the establishment of a fitness hierarchy. Oecologia, 67:524-531. Stebbins, G. L. 1959. T he r ole of h ybridization i n e volution. P roceedings of t he American Philosophical Society 103: 231–251. Stewart C N, A ll JN, Raymer P L, R amachandran S . 1997. Increased f itness o f t ransgenic insecticidal rapeseed under insect selection pressure. Molecualr Ecology, 6: 773–779 Stewart, J r. C N, A dang MJ, A ll JN, R aymer P L, R amachandran S , a nd Parrott WA. 1996. lnsect co ntrol an d d osage ef fects i n t ransgenic c anola co ntaining a s ynthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylAc Gene. Plant Physiol., 112: 11 5-120 Strauss S Y . and Agrawal A A. 1999. T he ecology and e volution o f pl ant t olerance t o herbivory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4: 179-185 Strauss SY, Rudgers JA, Lau JA, Irwin RE. 2002. Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 278–285. Suh SH, Sato YI, Morishima H, 1997. G enetic characterization of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) b ased on m orph-physiology, i sozymes a nd R APD m arkers. T heoretical a nd A pplied Genetics, 94: 316-321. Sutherland J . P., Justinova L. a nd P oppy G. M . 2006. T he r esponses of crop-wild Brassica hybrids to simulated herbivory and interspecific competition: Implications for transgene introgression. Environ. Biosafety Research, 5: 15–25 193
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
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Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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