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Lotsy J. P. 1916. Evolution by means of hybridization (Nijhoff, Dordrecht, The Netherlands). Lowe AJ, Jones AE, Raybould AF, Trick M, Moule L, Edwards KJ. 2002. Transferability and genome specificity of a new set of microsatellite primers among Brassica Species of the U triangle. Molecular Ecology Notes 2 : 7-11. Lowe A J, M oule C ,Trick M , E dwards K J. 2 004. E fficient la rge-scale de velopment of microsatellites f or ma rker a nd ma pping a pplications in Brassica crop s pecies. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108:1103–1112. Major, D.J. (1977) Influence of seed size on yield and yield components of rape. Agronomy Journal 69, 541–543. Manning P., H ouston K ., E van T . 2009. S hifts i n s eed s ize a cross e xperimental ni trogen enrichment and plant density gradients. Basic and Applied Ecology. 10:300–308 Mason P, B raun L, W arwick S I, Zhu B, S tewart C N J r ( 2003) Transgenic Bt-producing Brassica napus : P lutella p lutella s election p ressure a nd f itness o f w eedy relatives. Environ. Biosafety Research 2: 263–276 Meirmans P. G., Bousquet J ., Isabel N, 2008. A metapopulation model for the introgression from genetically modified plants into their wild relatives. Evolutionary Applications, 2, 160–171. Messéan A , S ausse C , Gasquez J , D armency H. 2007. O ccurrence of genetically m odified oilseed r ape s eeds i n t he ha rvest of s ubsequent c onventional oi lseed r ape ove r t ime. European Journal of Agronomy 27: 115–122. Mikkelsen TR, Andersen B, Jørgensen RB. 1996. T he risk of crop transgene spread. Nature 380: 31. Moles, A .T. a nd W estoby, M . 2004. Seedling survival a nd s eed s ize: a s ynthesis of t he literature. Journal of Ecology, 92:372–383. Moon H S, H alfhill M D, G ood LL, R aymer P L, S tewart C N. 2007. Characterization of directly transformed weedy Brassica rapa and introgressed B. rapa with Bt cry1Ac and gfp genes. Plant Cell Rep, 26: 1001–1010. Morjan CL, Rieseberg LH. 2004. How species evolve collectively, implications of gene flow and s election f or t he s pread o f ad vantageous alleles. Molecular E cology, 13: 1341- 1356. Moyes CL, Lilley JM, Casais CA, Cole SG, Haeger PD and Dale PJ. 2002. B arriers to gene flow from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) into populations of Sinapis arvensis. Molecular Ecology, 11: 103-112. 189
Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene flow could be common. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2103 – 2106. Pagan I ., A lonso-Blanco C ., G arcia-Arenal F . 2009. D ifferential T olerance t o D irect an d Indirect Density- Dependent C osts of V iral Infection i n Arabidopsis t haliana. PLoS Pathog 5(7): e1000531. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000531 Palmer T M, Zimmerman M . 1994. P ollen C ompetition a nd S porophyte Fitness i n Brassica campestris: Does Intense Pollen Competition Result in Individuals with Better Pollen? Oikos, 69: 80-86. Palmisano S, Fox LR. 1997. Effects of mammal and insect herbivory on population dynamics of a native Californian thistle, Cirsium occidentale. Oecologia 111: 413-421. Panetsos, C . A ., a nd H . G . Baker. 1967. T he o rigin of va riation i n w ild R aphanus s ativus (Cruciferae) in California. Genetica 38: 243–274. Perrino P, H ammer K . 1985. Collection o f la nd-races of c ultivated pl ants i n S outh Italy. Kulturpflanze, 23, 225–236. Pertl M , H auser T P, D amgaard C , a nd J ørgensen R B. 2002. M ale f itness of oi lseed r ape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F-1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds. Heredity, 89: 212–218 Pertl M ., H auser T .P., Damgaard C ., J orgensen R .B., 2002. M ale f itness of oi lseed r ape (Brassica napus), weedy B. rapa and their F1 hybrids when pollinating B. rapa seeds. Heredity, 89, 212–218. Peterson, C.M., Klepper B, Rickman R.W. 1989. Seed reserves and seedling development in winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 81, 245–251. Pilson D and Prendeville HR. 2004. E cological effects of transgenic crops and the escape of transgenes into wild populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2004. 35:149-174 Pivard S, Adamczyk K, Lecomte J, Lavigne C, Bouvier A, Deville A, Gouyon PH, Huet S. 2008. Where do t he feral oilseed rape populations come from? A large-scale study of their possible origin in a farmland area. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 476-485. Postma E & van Van Noordwijk AJ. 2005. Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale. Nature, 433: 65-68 Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll JN, Raymer P L, S tewart C N. 2000. Intraspecific competition of a n i nsect-resistant t ransgenic c anola i n s eed m ixtures. A gronomy Journal, 92: 368–374. 190
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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