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1416-1421 Kerlan M C, C hevre A M, E ber F, Baranger A a nd R enard M . 1992. Risk a ssessment of outcrossing of transgenic rapeseed to related species: I. Interspecific hybrids production under optimal conditions with emphasis on po llination and fertilization. Euphytica, 62: 145-153 Kim CG, Yi H, Park S, Yeon JE, Kim DI, Lee KH, Lee TC, Paek IS, Yoon WK, Jeong SC, and Mook H. 2006. M onitoring the occurrence of genetically modified soybean and maize around cultivated fields and at a grain receiving port in Korea. J. Plant Biol. 49: 218-223 Klinger T, a nd E llstrand N C. 1994. E ngineered genes i n w ild popul ations. Fitness of c rop- weed hybrids of Raphanus sativus. Ecological Applications, 4: 117–120. Klinger T, Arriola PE, and Ellstrand NC. 1992. Crop-weed hybridization in radish (Raphanus sativus L.): e ffects of di stance and popul ation s ize. A merican J ournal of B otany, 79: 1431–1435. Knispel AL, McLachlan SM, Van Acker RC, and Friesen L F. 2008. Gene flow and multiple herbicide resistance in escaped canola populations. Weed Science, 56:72–80. Kudo, G. 1996. H erbivory pattern and induced responses to simulated herbivory in Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata. Ecological Research 11:282–289. Lavigne C , K lein E K, Vallee P, P ierre J, G odelle B , R enard M . 1998. A pol len-dispersal experiment with transgenic oilseed rape. Estimation of the average pollen dispersal of an individual plant within a field. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96:886–896. Lavigne C., Klein E.K., Vallée P., Pierre J., Godelle B., Renard M. 1998. A pollen-dispersal experiment with transgenic oilseed rape. Estimation of the average pollen dispersal of an individual plant within a field. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 886–896. Leckie D , S mithson A a nd C rute IR. 1993. G ene movement f rom o ilseed r ape t o w eedy populations- a component of risk assessment for transgenic cultivars. Asp. Appl. Biol. 35: 61-66 Lee T N, S now A A. 1998. P ollinator pr eferences a nd t he pe rsistence of c rop ge nes i n w ild radish popul ations ( Raphanus r aphanistrum, B rassicaceae). A merican J ournal o f Botany 85: 333–349. Lee T N, S now A A. 1998. P ollinator pr eferences a nd t he pe rsistence of c rop ge nes i n w ild radish popul ations ( Raphanus r aphanistrum, B rassicaceae). A merican J ournal o f Botany, 85: 333–349. Lefol E , A lain F leury A , H enri D armency. 1996 . G ene di spersal f rom t ransgenic c rops II. 187
Hybridization between oilseed rape and the wild hoary mustard. Sex Plant Reprod, 9: 189-196 Lefol E , D anielou V, D armency H , B oucher F, M aillet J, R enard M . 1995. Gene d ispersal from t ransgenic c rops I Growth of i nterspecific hybrids be tween oi lseed r ape a nd t he wild hoary mustard. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 803–808. Lehtilä K a nd H olmén Bränn K . 2007. C orrelated e ffects of s election for f lower s ize i n Raphanus raphanistrum. Canada Journal of Botany, 85: 160-167 Lehtilä K , and S trauss S Y. 1997. Leaf da mage b y h erbivores a ffects a ttractiveness t o pollinators in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. Oecologia, 111: 396-403 Lenormand T. 2002. G ene flow and the limits to natural Selection. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution.17, 183-189 Letourneau D K, a nd H agen J A, 2009. P lant f itness a ssessment f or w ild r elatives of i nsect resistant crops. Environ. Biosafety Res, 8, 45–55. Lexer, C ., W elch, M .E., R aymond, O . & R ieseberg, L.H. 2003. The o rigin o f e cological divergence in Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae): selection on transgressive characters in a novel hybrid habitat. Evolution, 57, 1989–2000. Linder C R, S chmitt J. 1995. Potential p ersistence o f es caped t rangenes: p erformance o f transgenic oil-modified brassica seeds and seedlings. Ecological Applications, 5, 1056– 1068. Linder C R, T aha I, S eiler G J, S now A A, R ieseberg LH. 1998. Long-term i ntrogression of crop genes into wild sunflower populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 96: 339– 347. Linder CR. and Schmitt J. 1995. Potential persistence of escaped transgenes – performance of transgenic, oil-modified Brassica seeds and seedlings. Ecological Application, 5: 1056- 1068 Liu Y.B., Wei W., D armency H . 2009. S imulation of i nsect-resistance i n g ene flow s tudy between Brassica napu s and w ild B. j uncea. In X IIIème C ol. Int. B iologie de s Mauvaises Herbes, DIJON. Association Française pour la Protection des Plantes, 144- 153 Liu YB, Wei W, Ma KP and Darmency H. 2010. Backcrosses to Brassica napus of hybrids between B. j uncea and B. napus as a s ource o f n ew h erbicide-resistant vol unteer-like feral populations. Plant Science, 179: 459-465. 188
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
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Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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