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Environ. Biosafety Res. 5: 77–87. Aparicio N , Villegas D , A raus J L, B lanco R, R oyo C . 2002. S eedling d evelopment a nd biomass a s a ffected b y s eed s ize a nd m orphology i n dur um w heat. Journal of Agricultural Science, 139: 143–150. Armstrong TT, Fitzjohn RG, Newstrom LE,Wilton AD, and Lee WG. 2005. Transgene escape: what potential for crop-wild hybridization? Molecular Ecology, 14: 2111–2132. Arnold ML, Hodges SA. 1995. Are natural hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parents? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 67–71. Arnold, M. L. 1997. Natural hybridization and evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. Arnold, M. L. 2004. Natural hybridization and the evolution of domesticated, pest and disease organisms. Molecular Ecology 13: 997–1007. Arnold, M. L., M. R. Bulger, J. M. Burke, A. L. Hempel, and J. H. Williams. 1999. N atural hybridization: how low can you go and still be important? Ecology 80:371–381. Arriola P E, E llstrand N C. 1997. Fitness of i nterspecific h ybrids i n t he G enus s orghum: persistence of crop genes in wild populations. Ecological Applications, 7: 512–518. Baldwin IT. 1990. Herbivory simulations in ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5: 91–93. Baldwinn IT. 1994. Chemical changes rapidly induced by folivory. Pages 1–23 in E. Bernays, editor. Insect pl ant i nteractions. Volume V. C hemical R ubber C ompany, B oca R aton, Florida, USA. Baranger A, C hèvre A M, E ber F, R enard M . 1995. Effect of oi lseed r ape ge notype on t he spontaneous h ybridization r ate w ith a w eedy species, an a ssessment of t ransgene dispersal. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 91: 956–963. Baur, R , B inder S, a nd Benz G. 1991. N onglandular l eaf t richomes as short-term in ducible defense of the gray alder, Alnus incana (L.), against the chrysomelid beetle, Agelastica alni L. Oecologia (Berlin) 87:219–226. Becker H C, K arle R , a nd H an S S. 1992. E nvironmental va riation f or out crossing r ates i n rapeseed (Brassica napus). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 84: 303-306. Beckie H.J., Warwick S.I., Nair H., Séguin-Swartz G. 2003. G ene flow in commercial fields of herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus). Ecological Application, 13: 1276-1294. Begg GS, Hockaday S., Mcnicol J W, Askew M& Squire GR. 2006. Modelling the persistence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Ecol. Model. 198: 195–207 Bergelson J . a nd P urrington C . B . 1996. S urveying P atterns i n t he C ost of R esistance i n Plants. The American Naturalist, 148: 536-558. 179
Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G FW. 1996b. A ssessment of t ransgene e scape f rom Brassica rapa (B. campestris) into B. nigra or Sinapis arvensis. Plant Breeding, 115: 1- 4 Bing DJ, Downey RK, Rakow GFW. 1996a. Hybridizations among Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. juncea and their two weedy relatives B.nigra and Sinapis arvensis under open pollination conditions in the field. Plant Breeding 115: 470-473. Bing DJ. 1995. An evaluation of the potential of intergeneric gene transfer between Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis. Plant Breeding, 114: 481-484 Bing, D. J. 1991. Potential of gene transfer among oilseed Brassica and their weedy relatives. M.S. thesis, University of Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Boalt E. and Lehtilâ K. 2007. Tolerance to apical and foliar damage: costs and mechanisms in Raphanus raphanistrum. Oikos, 116: 2071-2081 Burke JM, Arnold ML. 2001. Genetics and the fitness of hybrids. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35: 31- 52 Burke, J .M., a nd R ieseberg. L.H., 2003. F itness ef fects o f t ransgenic d isease r esistance i n sunflowers. Science, 300: 1250. Cai L, Zhou BW, Guo XL, Dong CH, Hu XJ, Hou MS & Liu SY. 2008. Pollen-mediated gene flow in C hinese c ommercial f ields o f glufosinate-resistant can ola ( Brassica napus ). Chinese Science Bulletin. 53: 2333-2341 Campbel, L. G ., S now, A . A ., & S weeney, P . M . 2009c . When di vergent l ife hi stories hybridize: insight into adaptive life-history traits in an annual weed. New Phytologist, 184: 806-818. Campbell LG, and Snow AA. 2007. Competition alters life history and increases the relative fecundity o f c rop-wild r adish h ybrids ( Raphanus spp.). New P hytologist, 173: 648 – 660. Campbell LG, S now A A, S weeney P M, K etner J M. 2009b. R apid e volution i n c rop-weed hybrids under selection for divergent life histories. Evolutionary Applications, 11: 934– 943. Campbell LG, S now A A, S weeney P M. 2009a . W hen di vergent l ife h istories h ybridize: insights in to a daptive lif e-history t raits i n a n a nnual w eed. N ew P hytologist, doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03036.x Campbell, L. G ., A. A . S now, a nd C . E . R idley. 2006. W eed e volution a fter c rop gene 180
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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