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Holm, L., J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Pancho and J. Herberger,1997 World Weeds. Natural Histories and Distribution. Wiley, New York. Kercher S and Conner JK. 1996. Patterns of genetic variability within and among populations of wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany, 83, 1416-1421 Klinger T, Arriola PE, and Ellstrand NC. 1992. Crop-weed hybridization in radish (Raphanus sativus L.): e ffects of di stance and popul ation s ize. A merican J ournal of B otany, 79: 1431–1435. Lee T N, S now A A. 1998. P ollinator pr eferences a nd t he pe rsistence of crop ge nes i n w ild radish populations (Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 85: 333–349. Lenormand T. 2002. Gene flow and the limits to natural Selection. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution.17, 183-189 Lexer, C ., W elch, M .E., R aymond, O . & R ieseberg, L.H. 2003 . The o rigin o f e cological divergence in Helianthus paradoxus (Asteraceae): selection on transgressive characters in a novel hybrid habitat. Evolution, 57, 1989–2000. Linder C R, T aha I, S eiler G J, S now A A, R ieseberg LH. 1998. Long-term introgression of crop genes into wild sunflower populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 96: 339– 347. Morjan CL, Rieseberg LH. 2004. How species evolve collectively, implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles. Molecular Ecology, 13, 1341-1356. Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene flow could be common. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2103 – 2106. Panetsos CA, and B aker HG. 1967. T he or igin of va riation i n wild Raphanus s ativus (Cruciferae) in California. Genetica 38: 243–274. Pilson D and Prendeville HR. 2004. E cological effects of transgenic crops and the escape of transgenes into wild populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2004. 35:149–74 Postma E & va n N oordwijk A J. 2005. Gene f low m aintains a l arge genetic d ifference i n clutch size at a small spatial scale. Nature, 433, 65-68 Ramachandran S ., Buntin G .D., A ll J .N., R aymer P .L., S tewart C .N. 2000. I ntraspecific competition of a n i nsect-resistant t ransgenic c anola i n s eed m ixtures. A gron. J ., 92, 368–374. 159
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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