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currently engineered in GM crops. Perhaps some effect could be detected on the fitness of the plant that bear an introgressed gene while there is no any consequence at the whole population level, a question that is currently tested by genotyping every studied plant. Acknowledgements We thank Alain Fleury for his assistance in field experiment. This work is supported by a PhD joint fellowship between China and France (CNOUS, No. 20072315). References Abbott RJ, C omes H P. 2007. Blowin’ i n t he w ind—the transition f rom e cotype to s pecies. New Phytologist, 175, 197-200. Ammitzbøll H and Jørgensen RB. 2006. Hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and different populations and species of Raphanus. Environ. Biosafety Res. 5 (2006) 3- 13 Campbell LG, and Snow AA. 2007. Competition alters life history and increases the relative fecundity of crop-wild radish hybrids (Raphanus spp.). New Phytologist 173: 648–660. Campbell, L. G ., A. A . S now, a nd C . E . R idley. 2006. W eed evolution a fter c rop gene introgression: greater survival and fecundity of hybrids in a new environment. Ecology Letters 11:1198–1209. Campbell LG, S now A A, S weeney P M. 2009. When d ivergent lif e h istories h ybridize: insights into adaptive life-history traits in an annual weed. New Phytologist, 184: 806- 818. Chèvre A M, E ber F , D armency H , F leury A , P icault H , Letanneur J C, R enard M . 2000. Assessment o f in terspecific h ybridization be tween t ransgenic oi lseed r ape a nd w ild radish under normal agronomic conditions. Theor Appl Genet, 100:1233–1239 Conner, JK, Rush S ., Kercher S, Jennetten P. 1 996. Measurements of na tural s election on floral traits in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). II. Selection through lifetime male and total fitness. Evolution 50: 1137–1146. 157
Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart CN, and Morgan M. T. 2003. Patterns and mechanisms of selection o n a f amily-diagnostic trait: e vidence from e xperimental ma nipulation a nd lifetime fitness selection gradients. Evolution 57: 480–486. Darmency H. 1994. The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: introgression and weediness. Molecular Ecology. 3, 37–40. Darmency H, Lefol E, Fleury A. 1998. Spontaneous hybridizations between oilseed rape and wild radish. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1467–1473. Eber F , C hèvre A M, Baranger A, V allee P , Tanguy X, R enard M . 1994. Spontaneous hybridisation b etween a ma le-sterile o ilseed r ape and t wo weeds. T heoretical an d Applied Genetics, 88, 362–368. Elam DR, Ridley CE, Goodell K, and NEllstrand NC. 2007. P opulation size and relatedness affect fitness of a self-incompatible invasive plant. PNAS, 104: 549-552 Ellstrand N C, P rentice H C, H ancock J F. 1 999. G ene f low a nd introgression f rom domesticated pl ants i nto t heir w ild r elatives. A nnual R eview of E cology a nd Systematics 30: 539–563. Ellstrand, N.C. and Schierenbeck, K.A. 2000. Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 7043–7050. Guéritaine G , D armency H. 2001. P olymorphism f or i nterspecific h ybridisation w ithin a population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) pollinated by oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Sex Plant Reprod, 14:169–172 Guéritaine G, Sester M, Eber F, Chevre AM. and Darmency H. 2002. Fitness of backcross six of hybrids between transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Mol. Ecol., 11, 1419–1426. Guéritaine, G., Bazot S., and Darmency H. 2003. Emergence and growth of hybrids between Brassica napus and Raphanus raphanistrum. New Phytologist 158: 561–567. Hansen LB, S iegismund HR and J ørgensen R B. 2001. Introgression be tween oi lseed r ape (Brassica napus L.) and its weedy relative B. rapa L. in a n atural population. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 621–627 Hegde S G, N ason J D, C legg J M, E llstrand N C. 2006. T he e volution o f California’s w ild radish has resulted in the extinction of its progenitors. Evolution 60: 1187–1197. Hey J ( 2006) R ecent a dvances i n as sessing gene f low b etween diverging popul ations a nd species. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 16, 592–596. 158
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161: competition diminished the differen
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
Page 207 and 208: Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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