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weight o f s eeds pe r pl ant, a nd num ber of germinated s eeds for th e f ield e xperiment; emergence rate, plant weight, biomass, number and weight of articles per plant for the cage experiment. The first principal component was extracted for one-way ANOVA, TukeyHSD’ test an d C ontrast t est. T he an alysis was conducted b y S PSS ( SPSS v ersion 13.0) a nd R (http://www.r-project.org/). Results Silique characteristics All eight silique characteristics showed significant differences among regions (P
Field experiment Number of siliques and seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant, reproduction allocation and number of germinated progeny were higher in wild radish from the DM region than that from the other three regions, BT, BG and NM, where these traits were not significantly different each other (Fig. 4.7). Plants from BT had the highest weight, NM the lowest, and BG and DM were i ntermediate. BT a nd D M ha d t he greatest pe r s eed w eight, a nd B G pr oduced t he smallest seeds. The germination of the BT and DM seeds was the highest, and that from BG was the lowest (Fig. 4.7). The first principal component of PCA explained 74 % of the variance and consisted of contribution by plant weight ( r=0.26), num ber of s iliques pe r pl ant ( r=0.94), num ber a nd weight of seeds per plant (r= 0.96 and r=0.96), and number of germinated seeds (r=0.96). The performance of D M pl ants a long t his a xe 1 w as s ignificantly higher t han t hat o f t he ot her three regions where there was no difference (Fig. 4.8). Wild radish in BT, BG, DM and NM produced on average 16, 66, 114 a nd 42 seeds per plant, respectively. All the 1134 a nd 1526 s eedlings germinated from the seeds of NM and BT+BG+DM, r espectively, w ere ki lled b y t he herbici<strong>de</strong>, i ndicating t hat no i nterspecific hybrid was produced. BT showed 55% yellow and intense yellow petal, BG 95% yellow, DM 80% i ntense yellow a nd N M 65% yellow. T here w ere no di fferences i n s eed pr oduction among plants with different petal colors within the regions (P>0.05), with except for NM. For NM, plants with different petal color produced different seed number (F2,34=3.58, P=0.039), and plants with yellow petal produced more seeds than plants with white petal (TukeyHSD’s test, P=0.041): 12 seeds per plant for yellow vs. 4 for white petals, on average. Cage experiment The emergence rate of BT seedlings was the same as that of DM, which was higher than that of BG and NM. Wild radish from BT flowered latest compared with the other regions, and DM f lowered t he earliest. T he r eproduction a llocation of w ild r adish w as n ot s ignificantly different among regions (Fig. 4.9). Plant weight, biomass, number and weight of articles per plant, a nd pe r a rticle w eight w ere l owest f or t he B G region t han t hat f rom t he ot her t hree regions, BT, DM and NM. Wild radish from BT produced higher biomass, weight of articles per pl ant, a nd pe r article w eight t han DM a nd NM di d; t he t hree r egions pr oduced s imilar plant weight and number of articles per plant (Fig. 4.9). 152
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
Page 185 and 186: Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
Page 187 and 188: carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
Page 189 and 190: Hybridisation within Brassica and a
Page 191 and 192: etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
Page 193 and 194: Hybridization between oilseed rape
Page 195 and 196: Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
Page 197 and 198: 32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
Page 199 and 200: Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
Page 201 and 202: Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
Page 203 and 204: Therefore, after a review of the st
Page 205 and 206: more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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