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interacting f actors s uch as genetic ba ckground, intensity of h erbivory, resource l evel and relative abundance of resistant plants (Verkaar 1987). Studies on t he d ynamics of m ixed popul ations i nvolving r esistant a nd s usceptible plants a nd t heir pos sible c hange from a pur e susceptible popul ation t o a pur e resistant population are scant (Ramachandran et al. 2000). In addition, it is not clear if results from a given i nterspecific cr oss can b e v alidated i n t he cas e o f o ther w ild s pecies w ith d ifferent growth habit. Brassica juncea (2n=36, AABB), the wild brown mustard, is closely related to B. napus (2n=38, A ACC), the oilseed r ape, and both are pol yploids. They easily intercross and produce viable progeny (Frello et al. 1995; Song et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2010a). In this study, w e a im at d etecting if th e f itness advantage of fered b y t he B t transgene t o w ild populations of B. juncea varies according to its frequency within the population. Backcrossed Bt and non-Bt hybrid progeny were employed to detect the vegetative and reproductive output of m ixed popul ation w ith va rious pr oportions o f ne arly i sogenic r esistant a nd s usceptible plants, and under no insect and insect pressure. Material and methods Plants Seeds of wild brown mustard (Brassica juncea var. gracilis, 2n =36, AABB) originated from a lo cal field c ollection p rovided b y Nanjing Agricultural U niversity (NAU). T ransgenic oilseed r ape ( B. napus cv. W estar, 2n =38, A ACC) w as obt ained after t ransformation b y pSAM 12 plasmid containing genetically linked GFP and Bt Cry1Ac cassettes (GT) regulated by i ndependent C aMV 35S pr omoters ( Halfill et a l. 2001) . T he t hird g eneration of t he progenies of the transgenic event 1 w as used in this study. The non-transgenic oilseed rape parent (Westar), a spring type, was also employed. Transgenic and non-transgenic F1 hybrids were formed from wild mustard as female fertilized by the transgenic and the Westar parent, respectively. Backcrossed generations BC2 were obtained through pollinating mustard as the female by pollen of hybrids. Field experiment Medium seeds (1.2mm
screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2) and non-transgenic BC2 (ntrBC2), and then transplanted in cag es p rotected b y a mesh n ylon-net ( 0.5m * 0.5m w idth * 1.5 m height) i n a c ommon garden. The trBC2and ntrBC2 were cultivated in pure stands or in mixtures containing 0, 25, 50, 75 a nd 100% of trBC2 (proportions P 0, P 25, P50, P 75 and P 100, respectively). Eight plants were p lanted i n a circle w ith a 0.3m di ameter i n e ach cage. T he five pr oportions w ere randomly distributed with two replicates in a block, and there were four blocks. On May 28, when the first flower just open, there were 25% of plants had flowering bud (81 out of 320 plants), 30 c otton bol lworm ( Helicoverpa a rmigera H.) w ere put p er pl ant i n one c age of every pr oportion a nd bl ock. Such an ad vanced l eaf-stage w as ch oosed b ecause o f t he possibility of early-season damage-induced resistance (Agrawal 1998; 1999).Every plant was labeled. P lants w ere ha rvested w hen a ll s iliques w ere m atured i n br own c olor, a nd pl ant height, bi omass, s eed w eight and s eed num ber was m easured. T housand-seed weight ( seed weight*1000/ seed number) and reproduction allocation (seed weight/ biomass) was estimated. Statistics The mean value of all transgenic or non-transgenic plants in a cage was used as one value to statistical analysis. All data were log-transformed to ensure a Normal distribution of residuals. Five-way mixed ANOVA (Y~I*T*P+F+B) was employed to detect the fixed effects of insect (I), plant type (T) and proportion of trBC2 (P), and random effects of flowering (F, flowering or not a t t he da te i nsects w ere de posited on pl ants) a nd bl ocks ( B) on pl ant g rowth and reproduction. Linear regression function (Y=a=b*X) was used to study the measured variable in terms of the proportion of trBC2. The population production was evaluated as the sum of the contribution of all plants in a cage, including transgenic and non-transgenic plants. Linear regression function ( Y=a=b*X) w as also us ed t o s tudy t he v ariation of t he popul ation production (biomass and seeds) against the proportion of transgenic plants. Results Growth and reproduction of trBC2 and ntrBC2 plants The p resence o f i nsects (I) significantly decreased plant height, biomass and thousand-seed weight, but i ncreased r eproductive a llocation, a nd di d not a ffect s eed number a nd w eight (Table 3.9). TrBC2 and ntrBC2 did not have significantly different performances. There were 130
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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