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ARTICLE 5 EFFECTS OF THE R ELATIVE P ROPORTION OF BT-TRANSGENIC PLANTS ON POPULATION PRODUCTION AFTER THE TRANSGENE INTROGRESSION Yongbo LIU, Henri DARMENCY, C. Neal STEWART Jr, KePing MA, Wei WEI Abstract • The d ynamics of popu lations c omposed of i nsect-resistant p lants r eceived few attentions, although it determines the invasive potential of both the resistant plants and the populations containing resistant plants. • Nearly i sogenic b ackcrossed g enerations f ormed be tween w ild Brassica j uncea and Bt-transgenic oilseed rape (B. napus) were cultivated in a common garden, with pure and m ixed popu lations of i nsect-resistant a nd/ or s usceptible pl ants u nder i nsect pressure and control. • Insects s ignificantly decreased v egetative growth but di d not a ffect r eproduction i n term of both individual plants and populations. With increasing percentage of insect- resistant pl ants, i n t he p resence of i nsects, bot h resistant a nd s usceptible pl ants ha d slightly in creased productivity. T he p opulation production i ncreased with i ncreasing percentage o f t ransgenic pl ants i n popul ations u nder i nsect pr essure. It was not t he case in the absence of insect when a fitness cost occurred for the transgenic plants at transgenic percentage of 50%. • These results imply that the occurrence of insect attacks is the major determinant of the d ynamics of m ixed r esistant a nd s usceptible popul ations, a f eature w hose frequency i s qui te di fferent i n c ultivated a nd w ild ha bitat, w hich c ould ha mper the spread of the Bt-transgenes among wild populations. Key words: transgenic oilseed rape, Bt, population production, fitness 127
Introduction Spontaneous introgression from crops to their relatives should be evaluated as a component of the r isk a ssessment for t he release of g enetically m odified ( GM) c rops (Darmency 1994; Ellstrand e t a l. 1999) . S everal s tudies on a dvanced-generation h ybrids f ind t hat s ome interspecific hybrid genotypes persist for several generations under certain conditions, which suggests th at long-term introgression could o ccur under natural environments ( Linder et al. 1998; Lexer et al. 2003; Al Mouemar and Darmency 2004; Warwick et al. 2008). Studies on t he di rect fitness e ffects of t ransgenes on i ntrogressed pr ogeny aid i n assessing their ph enotype a nd t heir effect on t he d ynamics a nd de mography of t he introgressed populations. The rate of transgene spread is mainly governed by fitness effects (Rieseberg and Burke 2001). However, most experimental studies only involved F 1 hybrids that may display either heterosis, a transient condition that may overestimate the probability of persistence of crop genes within wild populations (Arnold and Hodges 1995; Lexer et al. 2003), or out breeding de pression a nd ne ar s terility, a t ransient c ondition th at ma y underestimate the probability of persistence of crop genes within wild populations (Burke and Arnold 2001) . S uch i nteracting e ffects a re r educed i n a dvanced generations of ba ckcrossed progeny t hat ar e b etter s uited m aterial t o es timate t he b enefice a nd c ost of a n i ntrogressed transgene in a wild population. As t ransgene i ntrogression w ill i nevitably l ead t o popul ations c omposed of bot h transgenic a nd non -transgenic p rogeny ( Vacher et al . 2 004), t he f ecundity and r esulting evolutionary impact o f crop-wild in trogressed o ffspring ma y d epend o n th eir c ompetition ability (Campbell a nd Snow 2007) . T ransgenic pl ants ge nerally a re expected t o be a t competitive a dvantage when t ransgenes i nvolve f itness-related tr aits, lik e th e Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), insect-resistance transgene. Wild plants receiving the Bt gene are likely to display i nsect-resistance a nd l ess he rbivore d amage a s Bt c rops do, w hich i n t urn c onfers greater pl ant f itness ( survival, g rowth a nd f ecundity pot entiality) c ompared w ith i nsectsusceptible plants (Stewart et al. 1996; Ramachandran et al. 2000; Snow et al. 2003; Vacher et al. 2004; M oon e t al. 2007). A s t he f itness a dvantage o f i nsect-resistance allows h igher competition, the resistant plants are expected to suppress the growth of susceptible ones in the populations i n w hich t he t rangene m ove i n. H owever, t he d ynamics of m ixed popul ations including r esistant a nd s usceptible pl ants m ight be a c omplex pr ocess, de pending on 128
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
Page 171 and 172: Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
Page 173 and 174: Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
Page 175 and 176: Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
Page 177 and 178: CONCLUSION 172
Page 179 and 180: véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
Page 181 and 182: Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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