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Stewart C N, All JN, Raymer P L, R amachandran S . 1997. I ncreased f itness of t ransgenic insecticidal rapeseed under insect selection pressure. Molecular Ecology 6: 773–779. Strauss SY, A grawal AA. 1999. T he e cology and evolution of plant tolerance to h erbivory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 179-185. Sutherland JP, Justinova L, Poppy G.M. 2006. The responses of crop-wild Brassica hybrids to simulated herbivory and interspecific competition: Implications for transgene introgression. Environmental Biosafety Research 5: 15–25. Vacher C , W eiss A E, Hermann D , K ossler , Y oung C , H ochberg M E. 2004. Impact of ecological factors on the initial invasion of Bt transgenes into wild populations of birdseed rape (Brassica rapa). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109: 806–814. Verkaar HJ. 1987. Population dynamics-the influence of herbivory. New Phytologist 106: 49- 60 Warwick SI, Légègre A, Simard MJ, James T. 2008. Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? The cas e o f an h erbicide r esistance t ransgene i n a w eedy Brassica r apa population. Molecular Ecology 17: 1387–1395. Warwick SI, Simard MJ, Légère A, Beckie HJ, Braun L, Zhu B, Mason P, Séguin-Swartz G, Stewart C N. 2003. H ybridization be tween t ransgenic Brassica napus L. a nd i ts w ild relatives: B. r apa L., Raphanus r aphanistrum L., Sinapis ar vensis L. a nd Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 107: 528–539. Weis A E, H ochberg M E. 2000. T he di verse e ffects of i ntraspecific competition on t he selective advantage to resistance: a model and its predictions. The American Naturalist 156: 276–292. Zapiola ML, Campbell CK, Butler MD, Mallory-Smith CA. 2008. E scape and establishment of transgenic glyphosate-resistant creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera in Oregon, USA: a 4-year study. The Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 486–494. 115
Table 3.5. F values of the analysis of variance for individual data of B. juncea plants. Plant characteristics Clipping Position Percentage of NC Clip. × Pos. Clip. × Per. Pos. × Per. Clip. × P os. × Per. First experiment Leaf number 0.03 ns 0.03 ns 0.95 ns 0.05 ns 3.45 * 0.57 ns 0.32 ns Flowering date 0.89 ns 0.05 ns 1.34 ns 0.04 ns 2.47 ns 1.00 ns 1.54 ns Plant weight 30.31 *** 62.06 *** 4.34 ** 2.26 ns 0.02 ns 0.96 ns 3.89 * Silique number 22.63 *** 52.33 *** 2.97 * 1.41 ns 0.44 ns 0.87 ns 2.47 ns Seed number 25.14 *** 35.56 *** 3.20 * 1.19 ns 0.30 ns 1.16 ns 3.69 * Seed weight 35.12 *** 15.23 *** 6.22 *** 1.76 ns 0.11 ns 1.74 ns 4.73 * Biomass 32.60 *** 52.30 *** 4.93 ** 2.21 ns 0.02 ns 1.11 ns 4.27 * Germination 0.21 ns 18.30 *** 3.34 * 0.01 ns 2.52 ns 0.45 ns 3.99 * Number of vi able seeds 24.99 *** 29.87 *** 4.21 ** 0.64 ns 0.35 ns 1.05 ns 4.39 * Reproductive index 0.18 ns 60.74 *** 1.92 ns 0.01 ns 0.09 ns 0.16 ns 0.55 ns Number of seeds per silique 5.95 * 13.16 *** 0.58 ns 0.13 ns 0.24 ns 2.70 * 2.29 ns Second experiment Leaf number 0.58 ns 0.79 ns 0.93 ns 0.18 ns 0.50 ns 0.66 ns 0.10 ns Flowering date 1.99 ns 1.18 ns 1.12 ns 0.12 ns 0.31 ns 0.51 ns 0.61 ns Plant weight 3.67 ns 50.51 *** 0.19 ns 0.23 ns 1.40 ns 0.13 ns 0.66 ns Silique number 4.10 * 36.64 *** 0.07 ns 0.23 ns 1.38 ns 0.08 ns 0.41 ns Seed number 2.48 ns 33.11 *** 0.17 ns 0.10 ns 1.41 ns 0.07 ns 0.37 ns Seed weight 4.61 * 36.97 *** 0.27 ns 0.23 ns 1.20 ns 0.17 ns 1.03 ns Biomass 3.99 * 49.37 *** 0.18 ns 0.24 ns 1.38 ns 0.12 ns 0.75 ns Germination 0.03 ns 0.09 ns 2.72 * 0.10 ns 1.24 ns 3.90 ** 0.84 ns Number of vi able seeds 2.20 ns 32.70 *** 0.17 ns 0.08 ns 1.51 ns 0.08 ns 0.33 ns Reproductive index 0.66 ns 5.06 * 1.44 ns 0.03 ns 0.03 ns 0.18 ns 0.26 ns Number of seeds per silique 0.01 ns 4.33 * 1.89 ns 0.01 ns 1.02 ns 0.69 ns 1.55 ns Levels of significance: ns, non significant; *, P < 0.05;**, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. 116
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
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2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111 and 112: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
Page 163 and 164: Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
Page 165 and 166: Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
Page 167 and 168: Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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