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CP plants reached a maximum at T75 in the plot border (Figure 3.6). There was no difference in pe rformance of N C a nd C P pl ants i n pur e pl ots i n e ither e xperiment ( Figure 3 .6). T he resource allocation index for NC and CP plants did not differ between mixed and pure stands (contrast test, P>0.05) for either plot position in either experiment. Competition b etween s imulated i nsect- resistant and susceptible plants The relative difference (DI) between NC and CP varied both with the plot position and between the two experiments (Table 3 .7, F igure 3.7). From the first experiment to the second and from plot center to border, there were fewer stands that had high DI values (Figure 3.7). According to the Helmert contrast test, the DI value at T25 was higher than that at T50 in the center in both experiments. The same was not true at the border (Table 3.7). DI at T75 was different from T25 and T50 for: 1) the plot center in the first experiment, 2) the plot border in the first experiment, and 3) the plot border in the second experiment. DI between NC and CP in pure stands was lower t han i n t he m ixed s tands. T he onl y e xception w as a t t he pl ot c enter i n t he s econd experiment, where DI was lowest at T50 (Table 3.7). Comparison of summed performances per plot Plot pos ition w as t he onl y s ignificant factor within plots (Table 3.8). The group of plants at the plot border produced higher biomass (3.5-fold in 2008 and 4.6-fold in 2009) and more viable seeds (3.1-fold in 2008 and 4.2-fold in 2009) than the group in the plot center (P
Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t hat s ufficient de foliation s ignificantly decreased pl ant growth and fecundity, because of the effects of defoliation on phot osynthesis. Clipping one out of t wo s uccessive l eaves i n t he 2008 e xperiment ha d a ne gative i mpact on t he performance of Brassica juncea: NC plants produced higher seed weight, biomass, and viable seeds than CP plants. Clipping one out of three successive leaves, as in the 2009 experiment, did n ot g enerate an y d ifferences b etween N C and C P. A lthough t his difference b etween experiments c ould be a ttributed t o s easonal e ffects ( 2008 vs . 2009) and pl anting m ode (transplanting vs . di rect s owing), i t m ore l ikely r esulted f rom t he l eaf clipping r ate. T his would be c onsistent w ith t he r esults of our pr eliminary greenhouse e xperiment ( Liu et al ., 2009). The percentage of defoliation of non transgenic oilseed rape by diamondback moths in a field experiment was only around 20% (Ramachandran et al., 2000), but this ratio applied to all foliage while we clipped only the leaves on the main stem. Clipping one out of three leaves did not a ffect pl ant growth, w hich can l ikely b e e xplained b y t he obs erved c ompensatory growth of num erous l eaves a t a xils ( data not s hown). C ompensation ha s be en s hown t o increase via plant growth, after tissue loss to herbivores (Strauss & Agrawal, 1999; Hawkes & Sullivan, 2001) . Boalt & Lehtila ( 2007) f ound that f oliar da mage r esulted i n c ompensatory leaf growth in wild radish (R. raphanistrum), and foliar damage of up to 30% of the leaf area had no effect on plant height and seed yield. Although t he s ame pe rcentage of da maged l eaves ge nerated from c lipping l eaves versus real herbivory does not impact plants equally, simulated herbivory by clipping leaves is a f easible a lternative w hen m olecular containment of t ransgenes i s forbidden i n f ield experiments ( Letourneau & H agen 2009 ) a nd given t hat t he e fficiency of leaf d amage b y insects is very unstable and depends on many environmental conditions. In the current study, NC p lants r epresent t ransgenic i nsect-resistant pl ants, m imicking a t ransgenic crop o r advanced stable backcross generation of hybrids between the transgenic crop and B. juncea. CP represents insect-susceptible wild relatives. Letourneau & Hagen (2009) showed that the Bt-based B. r apa did no t pos sess a fitness a dvantage w hen t he pl ants were s ubject t o l ow herbivory p ressure, but t he a dvantage w as s ignificant w hen t hey w ere s ubject t o hi gh herbivory. M oon et a l. (2007) de monstrated s ignificantly hi gher s eed o utput i n t ransgenic hybrids f ormed be tween B. napus and B. r apa, t han i n pur e popul ations of B. r apa in greenhouse c onditions, w hile t here w as no effect in f ield e xperiments with lo w h erbivory. Ramachandran et a l. (2000) r eported t hat non -transgenic pl ants i nfested b y di amondback 108
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
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Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109 and 110: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 111: silique number, seed number, seed w
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
Page 161 and 162: competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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