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distribution of residuals f or all c haracteristics m easured. A f our-way f ixed-model ANOVA was us ed t hat i ncluded e ffects of c age, c lipping, pos ition w ithin p lot, a nd pl ant t ype percentage. The two experiments were analyzed separately because of the different conditions in t he f irst a nd s econd experiment ( different e xperimental c onditions i ncludes c lipping 1/ 2 versus 1/3 of the leaves, transplanting versus direct sowing, and 2008 versus 2009 year effect). Tukey’s HSD test was used for multiple comparisons. A contrast test was used to analyze the effects of c lipping a nd pl ot pos ition on gr owth a nd r eproductive pe rformance. D ata on flowering date, seed weight, biomass, number of viable seeds, and reproductive index were fitted to a linear regression model in terms of the plant type percentage, Y= a + b*X, where X was the percentage (0, 25, 50 and 75 for CP, 25, 50, 75 and 100 for NC). The linear regression slopes w ere c ompared us ing R s oftware’s Diffslope ( simba) pa ckage ( http://www.r- project.org/). Regressions were also calculated for total seed weight, biomass and number of viable seeds per plot. In order to investigate the difference between NC and CP, relative to the CP pure stand T0 performance, and according to the percentage of NC, we used the Helmert Contrast test on the calculated DI= (NCTi-CPTi)/CPT0. All statistic analyses were conducted in R software. Results Effect of simulated herbivory on individuals The 2008 a nd 2009 e xperiments w ere analyzed s eparately b ecause t he experimental c onditions w ere s o di fferent. In 2009, pl ants generally p erformed be tter t han i n 2008. S pecifically, t he 2009 pl ants: f lowered l ater, produced more leaves, had higher seed weight, had higher plant weight, had more biomass, had more seeds per silique, had more viable seeds, and had higher germination rate. However, 2009 plants had a lower reproductive index than those in the 2008 e xperiment (Figure 3.5). Neither silique number nor seed number differed between the two experiments. Plant position (center ve rsus border) w as an important variable in both years (Table 3.5). Plants at the plot border produced heavier seeds, greater biomass, and more viable seeds (but had a lower resource allocation index) than those in the center (Figure 3.5, Table 3.5). In 2009, plant position did not affect leaf number, flowering date, or germination. There was no interaction between clipping leaves and plot position in either experiment. The effect of leaf clipping was much more pronounced in the first experiment; CP plants had lower plant weight, 105
silique number, seed number, seed weight, biomass, number of viable seeds (all P < 0.001), and seed number per silique (P < 0.05) than NC plants. The clipping effect was less evident in the s econd ex periment; i n t his cas e C P p lants h ad f ewer s iliques, l ighter s eed w eights, a nd lower biomass than NC plants (Figure 3.5, Table 3.5). Clipping had no effect on flowering date, number of viable seeds, or the resource allocation index in either year (Table 3.5). Effect of the percentage of simulated insect-resistant plants In the 2008 experiment, an increased percentage of NC plants resulted in reduced seed weight, biomass, and number of viable seeds in both plant types (P < 0.01 for all variables), though t he pr esence a nd m agnitude o f t his e ffect varied w ith pl ot pos ition. T here was no effect o n f lowering t ime o r t he r esource al location i ndex. T here w as al so a s ignificant interaction between leaf clipping, the percentage of NC plants, and plot position (Table 3.5), suggesting that NC and CP plants reacted differently to different combinations of conditions. In t he p lot cen tre, an i ncreased p ercentage o f N C p lants resulted i n d ecreased s eed w eight, biomass, and number of viable seeds of both plant types. However, at the plot border, these variables only decreased for NC plants (Figure 3.6, Table 3.6). Each of these variables was plotted against the percentage of NC plants separately for each plant type at the border, and again f or t hose a t t he c enter of t he pl ots ( Figure 3 .6). T he r egression s lopes di d not di ffer between NC and CP plants situated at the center of the plot. The slopes for NC plants situated at the border did not differ from those situated at the centre. In all cases, the low values of the regression coefficient R 2 indicated a poor fit and a great deal of variability among plots (Table 3.6). In the 2009 e xperiment, there was no l ink between the percentage of NC plants and any of the measured characteristics, and no interaction among treatments. There was only one significant lin ear r egression; f lowering d ate o f th e N C p lants s ituated a t th e p lot c enter increased with the percentage of NC plants (Figure 3.6). In the 2008 e xperiment, the relationship between the variables and percentage of NC plants was non-linear for CP plants at the plot border ( Figure 3.6). The resource allocation index was lowest at T 50 for all NC and CP plants at both plot positions (Figure 3.6). In the 2009 experiment, the relationship between the variables and percentage of NC plants was also non-linear for both NC and CP plants at the plot center. In this experiment, extreme values of NC plants were observed at T75 in the plot border and the resource allocation index of NC and 106
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UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
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REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
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forming many of the ideas I present
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Abstract In the framework of commer
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2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
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Table 3.2. Parameters of linear reg
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experiment. BC1NS is separated into
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Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
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INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
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chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
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oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
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populations is reduced as the dista
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into hybrids would affect the morph
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Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
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1.5 Consequences of introgression I
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more flowers and larger plant size
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Moreover, beside the introgression
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their parental plants. Moon et al.
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2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
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ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
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plant growth was evaluated without
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These two experiments were kept wee
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interactions were found among the t
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2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
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they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
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Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
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Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
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Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62: 2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
Page 63 and 64: Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
Page 65 and 66: Introduction In t he f ramework o f
Page 67 and 68: eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
Page 69 and 70: Statistical analysis Mean values ar
Page 71 and 72: Characteristics of the backcrosses
Page 73 and 74: Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
Page 75 and 76: plants w ith B. napus morphology t
Page 77 and 78: Productivity of the resistant proge
Page 79 and 80: References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
Page 81 and 82: insight into adaptive life-history
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
Page 85 and 86: 3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
Page 87 and 88: compétition et le devenir des popu
Page 89 and 90: difficult to predict. Similarly, it
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
Page 93 and 94: Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
Page 95 and 96: herbivores than when exposed to Bt
Page 97 and 98: esistant hybrid populations might i
Page 99 and 100: Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
Page 101 and 102: Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
Page 103 and 104: 3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
Page 105 and 106: Introduction The invasion of transg
Page 107 and 108: Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
Page 109: while ensuring that the same ratio
Page 113 and 114: Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
Page 115 and 116: experiment, harsh growth conditions
Page 117 and 118: References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
Page 119 and 120: density- dependent c osts of vi ral
Page 121 and 122: Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
Page 123 and 124: Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
Page 127 and 128: Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
Page 129 and 130: No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
Page 131 and 132: Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
Page 133 and 134: Introduction Spontaneous introgress
Page 135 and 136: screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
Page 137 and 138: 2002), but certain studies showed n
Page 139 and 140: Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
Page 141 and 142: 92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
Page 143 and 144: Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
Page 145 and 146: Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
Page 149 and 150: Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
Page 151 and 152: Introduction Plant divergence is ge
Page 153 and 154: or t he popul ation of wild r adish
Page 155 and 156: estimated. All the seeds of every h
Page 157 and 158: Field experiment Number of siliques
Page 159 and 160: aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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