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Liste des tableaux Table 1.1 . Pollen-mediated gene f low (GF) oc curred at t he m aximum di stance f rom pol len resources of GM oilseed rape (B. napus) ................................................................................ 20 Table 1.2. Long-term persistence of volunteers and feral plants in and/ or outside of cultivated fields ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 1.3. The relative performance of transgenic crop-wild relative hybrids as compared to non-transgenci hybrids (modified according to Hails and Morley 2005) ................................ 23 Table 1.4. Long-term introgression of crop alleles into weed populations ............................. 25 Table 1.5. M orphology was us ed t o m easure i ntrogression i n doc umented c ases of n atural hybridization and introgression of crops and wild relatives (One part of Table 1 in Jarvis and Hodgkin 1999) .......................................................................................................................... 27 Table 2.1. F-values from a four-way fixed split-plot ANOVA on the fitness of mustard in the monoculture experiment. .......................................................................................................... 51 Table 2.2. F-values f rom a f ive-way fixed s plit-plot A NOVA on t he fitness of t rF1, nt rF1, mustard and GT in the multi-culture experiment. .................................................................... 52 Table 2 .3. M ean ( SE) o f p lant ch aracteristics for f our pl ant t ypes i n m ulti-culture tr ial a s analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD ................................................................... 53 Table 2.4. Reproduction of h ybrids a ccording t o t he pol lination mode ( BC1J a nd B C1N: backcrosses to B. juncea and B. napus, respectively). ............................................................. 65 Table 2.5. Segregation of herbicide-resistant and susceptible plants in BC1N and F2, and Chisquare (χ 2 ) test against expected Mendelian segregation ratio (NS, not significant, p > 0.05) 66 Table 2.6. Percentage of resistant plants in the progeny of susceptible B. napus, BC1N and F2 plants in the field experiment. .................................................................................................. 67 Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant weight, seed weight, seed number, per-seed weight and germination of F2, BC1N and B. napus. .................................................................................. 68 Table 3.1. ANOVA results of the effect of clipping (CP) versus not clipping (NC) leaves and the pe rcentage of pl ants w ith non -clipped l eaves ( NC), s howing t he F t est va lue a nd i ts probability P for each test. ....................................................................................................... 86 5
Table 3.2. Parameters of linear regression (Y=A+B*X) between silique number, biomass and seed number for different percentages of NC .......................................................................... 88 Table 3.3. ANOVA results of the effect of clipping (CP) versus not clipping (NC) leaves and of the clipping treatment (proportion of clipped to non-clipped leaves). ................................. 88 Table 3.4. F-values from two-way ANOVA results of seed germination of B. juncea .......... 95 Table 3.5. F values of the analysis of variance for individual data of B. juncea plants. ....... 116 Table 3.6. Parameters o f s ignificant l inear re gression (Y =A+B*X) o f fl owering d ate, s eed weight, biomass and number of viable seeds in terms of the percentage of NC plants (see Fig. 3.6). ......................................................................................................................................... 117 Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contrast test of the relative difference between NC and CP [DI= (NCTi-CPTi)/CPT0] in plot center and border of the first (A for center; B for border) and the second experiment (C for center; D for border) ..................................................................... 118 Table 3.8. F values of the analysis of variance of per-plot data of B. juncea. ....................... 119 Table 3.9. F -values of four-way mixed ANOVA results for fitness of transgenic BC2 in pure and mixed stands under insect and non-insect pressure ( * , P
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITE DE BOURGOGNE THÈSE Pour
Page 3 and 4: REMERCIEMENTS My heartfelt thanks g
Page 5 and 6: forming many of the ideas I present
Page 7 and 8: Abstract In the framework of commer
Page 9: 2.3 A rticle 2: Les r étrocroiseme
Page 13 and 14: experiment. BC1NS is separated into
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 4.7. Mean and standard error (
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION GENERALE Dans le cadre
Page 19 and 20: chapitre 1 dressant l’état des c
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE
Page 23 and 24: oilseed rape and B. oleracea is ver
Page 25 and 26: populations is reduced as the dista
Page 27 and 28: into hybrids would affect the morph
Page 29 and 30: Snow e t a l. ( 1999) f ound no f i
Page 31 and 32: 1.5 Consequences of introgression I
Page 33 and 34: more flowers and larger plant size
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, beside the introgression
Page 37 and 38: their parental plants. Moon et al.
Page 39 and 40: 2.1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 CONDITIO
Page 41 and 42: ARTICLE 1 The effect of seed size o
Page 43 and 44: plant growth was evaluated without
Page 45 and 46: These two experiments were kept wee
Page 47 and 48: interactions were found among the t
Page 49 and 50: 2006) or m ore f it t han their pa
Page 51 and 52: they b ear b eneficial t ransgenes
Page 53 and 54: Diggle PK, Abrahamson NJ, Baker RL
Page 55 and 56: Ramachandran S , B untin G D, A ll
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.2. F -values f rom a f ive-
Page 59 and 60: Days to flowering Biomass Per. of s
Page 61 and 62:
2.3 Article 2: Les rétrocroisement
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Photo.2.3. S praying chlorsulfuron
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Introduction In t he f ramework o f
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eceived p ollens f rom wild B. j un
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Statistical analysis Mean values ar
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Characteristics of the backcrosses
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Table 2.7. Mean (±95% CL) of plant
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plants w ith B. napus morphology t
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Productivity of the resistant proge
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References [1] A .A. Snow, D .A. A
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insight into adaptive life-history
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CHAPTER 3 EFFETS DE LA RESISTANCE A
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3.2 A rticle 3 : S imulation d e l
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compétition et le devenir des popu
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difficult to predict. Similarly, it
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Table 3.1: ANOVA results of the eff
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Table 3.2: Parameters of linear reg
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herbivores than when exposed to Bt
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esistant hybrid populations might i
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Letourneau D .K., H agen J .A., 200
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Germination rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.
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3.3 Article 4: Compétition entre p
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Introduction The invasion of transg
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Whether a popul ation w ill e volve
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while ensuring that the same ratio
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silique number, seed number, seed w
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Our ga rden e xperiments s howed t
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experiment, harsh growth conditions
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References Agrawal AA. 2004. R esis
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density- dependent c osts of vi ral
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Table 3.5. F values of the analysis
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Table 3.7. Results of Helmert contr
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Fig. 3.4. Examples of experimental
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Flowering date Seed weight Biomass
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No. viable seeds Biomass 50000 4000
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Photo 3.3. Cotton bollworm (Helicov
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Introduction Spontaneous introgress
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screening as transgenic BC2 (trBC2)
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2002), but certain studies showed n
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Acknowledgements We t hank Z hixi T
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92, 368-374. Rieseberg, LH, and Bur
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Table 3.10. F-values of three-way A
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Seed number Biomass 140 120 100 80
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CHAPTER 4 RECHERCHE DES CONSEQUENCE
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Photo 4.1. Wild radish in a herbici
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Introduction Plant divergence is ge
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or t he popul ation of wild r adish
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estimated. All the seeds of every h
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Field experiment Number of siliques
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aphanistrum from hybrids and R. sat
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competition diminished the differen
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Conner, J. K., Rice A. M., Stewart
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Rattenbury J A. 1962. C yclic h ybr
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Fig. 4.1. Four r egions where w ild
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Fig. 4.3. Flower phot os showing pe
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Fig. 4.5. Plot of the first two axe
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Plant weight No. of seeds per plant
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Emergence rate Plant weight No.of a
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CONCLUSION 172
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véritable s uccès ad aptatif d an
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Dans l e cas d es p remières gén
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REFERENCES Abbott RJ, Comes HP.2007
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Bing D J, D owney R K and R akow G
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carinata and Brassica rapa. Plant B
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Hybridisation within Brassica and a
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etween weedy Brassica rapa and oils
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Hybridization between oilseed rape
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Nosil P. 2008. Speciation with gene
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32:305-32 Schadler, M., R. Brandl,
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Thalmann C, Guadagnuolo R, Felber F
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Zheng XM and Ge S. 2010. Ecological
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Therefore, after a review of the st
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more easily sieved out by harvester
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Transgenic F1 produced higher bioma
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