Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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mobilize resources to make primary, secondary <strong>and</strong> higher <strong>education</strong> available for <strong>the</strong> upcom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
generation. In those <strong>Asian</strong> <strong>countries</strong> where population growth rate had been controlled many<br />
years back today <strong>in</strong> such <strong>countries</strong>, to some extent, <strong>the</strong> pressure on <strong>education</strong> system <strong>and</strong><br />
resources is not so high as compared to those <strong>countries</strong> where it was unchecked.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> last three decades, <strong>education</strong>al systems <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Asia Pacific have been struggl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>uously to respond to <strong>the</strong> ever chang<strong>in</strong>g economic, social <strong>and</strong> political scenario, at regional<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational levels, with<strong>in</strong> which <strong>education</strong> takes place (Rizvi, Engel, N<strong>and</strong>yala, Rutkowski,<br />
& Sparks, 2005). Dur<strong>in</strong>g this period, on <strong>the</strong> whole, significant changes took place that touched<br />
all aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>: systems, governance, means <strong>and</strong> allocation <strong>of</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />
resources, quality assurance mechanism <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>.<br />
The process <strong>of</strong> this change was so rapid that perhaps no country <strong>in</strong> this region was well prepared<br />
to face this new development even at present many <strong>countries</strong> are still struggl<strong>in</strong>g hard to face <strong>the</strong><br />
diverse <strong>and</strong> complex challenges. <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> sector, ak<strong>in</strong> to o<strong>the</strong>r sectors, is fac<strong>in</strong>g a strong<br />
competition at all levels <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> all sub-sectors, this competition is act<strong>in</strong>g as a catalyst <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> characteristics <strong>of</strong> programs <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> shap<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> policies related to higher<br />
<strong>education</strong> (Ali, 2011).<br />
<strong>Higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> <strong>in</strong> Asia<br />
Gross enrolment ratio. ISCED 5 <strong>and</strong> 6<br />
Republic <strong>of</strong> Korea 98.1<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a, Macao 62.9<br />
Israel 59.7<br />
Japan 58.1<br />
Ch<strong>in</strong>a, Hong Kong 56.6<br />
Uzbekistan 9.8<br />
Cambodia 7.1<br />
Bangladesh 6.9<br />
Bhutan 6.6<br />
Pakistan 6.4<br />
Table is based on UNESCO Data 2009<br />
Table 5 Gross enrolment ratio at tertiary level <strong>in</strong> Asia<br />
<strong>Asian</strong> higher <strong>education</strong> like o<strong>the</strong>r regions is also faced with new challenges: scarcity resources,<br />
massification, corporatization <strong>and</strong> privatization, globalization, ICTs, knowledge-driven economy<br />
<strong>and</strong> knowledge-based society (Suwanwela, 2005). To meet <strong>the</strong> new challenges, <strong>Asian</strong> higher<br />
<strong>education</strong> has been cont<strong>in</strong>uously pass<strong>in</strong>g through <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> transformation, reorientation that
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