Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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5.1.1.8.1 Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) ........................................................................................... 108<br />
5.1.1.8.2 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)........................................................................................... 109<br />
5.1.1.8.3 United Nations agencies (UN) ............................................................................................................. 112<br />
5.1.1.8.4 Multilateral / Bilateral agencies .......................................................................................................... 112<br />
5.1.2 Role <strong>of</strong> UNESCO <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>............................................................................................ 113<br />
5.1.2.1 UNESCO’s legal contribution to higher <strong>education</strong> ................................................................................... 115<br />
5.1.2.2 Role <strong>of</strong> IGOs <strong>in</strong> implement<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> achiev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> right to <strong>education</strong> ....................................................... 117<br />
5.1.2.3 UNESCO’s areas <strong>of</strong> action <strong>in</strong> higher <strong>education</strong> ........................................................................................ 119<br />
5.1.2.4 Reforms <strong>and</strong> Innovation........................................................................................................................... 120<br />
5.1.2.5 International University Cooperation ...................................................................................................... 120<br />
5.1.2.6 UNESCO Chairs/ UNITWIN Network......................................................................................................... 121<br />
5.1.2.6.1 UNESCO Chairs <strong>and</strong> UNITWIN program <strong>in</strong> World ............................................................................... 121<br />
5.1.2.7 Open Distant Education (ODL) ................................................................................................................. 125<br />
5.1.2.8 Quality assurance ..................................................................................................................................... 126<br />
5.1.2.8.1 Global Initiative for Quality Assurance Capacity ................................................................................. 126<br />
5.1.2.9 Recognition .............................................................................................................................................. 127<br />
5.1.2.10 Teacher Education ................................................................................................................................... 128<br />
5.1.2.11 How does UNESCO achieve its objectives? .............................................................................................. 129<br />
5.1.2.11.1 UNESCO World conferences on higher <strong>education</strong> .............................................................................. 129<br />
The World Conference on <strong>Higher</strong> Education <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Twenty-first Century: Vision <strong>and</strong> Action, 1998 .................. 130<br />
Meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> Education Partners (WCHE +5), 2003 ................................................................................... 130<br />
World Conference on <strong>Higher</strong> Education 2009 .................................................................................................... 131<br />
5.1.2.11.2 UNESCO <strong>in</strong>itiatives <strong>and</strong> outcomes <strong>in</strong> Asia Pacific region .................................................................... 131<br />
5.1.2.12 UNESCO <strong>and</strong> Asia Pacific region ............................................................................................................... 132<br />
5.1.2.13 Cluster <strong>of</strong>fices .......................................................................................................................................... 133<br />
Cluster <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>in</strong> Asia-Pacific <strong>and</strong> Arab region ................................................................................................... 133<br />
Regional bureaus ................................................................................................................................................ 134<br />
5.1.3 UNESCO <strong>in</strong> Asia: Bangkok regional <strong>of</strong>fice .......................................................................................... 135<br />
5.1.3.1 UNESCO Bangkok Programs ..................................................................................................................... 137<br />
5.1.3.2 <strong>Asian</strong> Program <strong>of</strong> Educational Innovation for Development (APEID)....................................................... 139<br />
5.1.3.3 How does APEID contribute to <strong>Higher</strong> Education? .................................................................................. 140<br />
5.1.3.3.1 Promotion <strong>of</strong> mobility <strong>in</strong> higher <strong>education</strong>......................................................................................... 140<br />
5.1.3.3.2 Guidel<strong>in</strong>e on cross border <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>education</strong> ...................................................................................... 141<br />
5.1.3.3.3 Teacher Education .............................................................................................................................. 142<br />
5.1.3.3.4 Technical <strong>and</strong> Vocational Education <strong>and</strong> Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g (TVET) ................................................................... 142<br />
5.1.3.3.5 Information <strong>and</strong> Communication Technologies <strong>in</strong> Education (ICT) .................................................... 142<br />
5.1.4 UNESCO-Bangkok <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>role</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> higher <strong>education</strong> <strong>in</strong> Asia .................................. 143<br />
5.1.5 Criticism on UNESCO .......................................................................................................................... 148<br />
Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 149