Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...

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iv 4.2.3 Europeans in Asia ................................................................................................................................. 65 4.2.4 Economic history of Asia ...................................................................................................................... 66 4.3 HISTORY OF EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................................... 67 4.3.1 Asian society and education ................................................................................................................ 68 4.4 EDUCATION IN ASIA ............................................................................................................................................ 69 4.5 HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS IN ASIA ..................................................................................................................... 71 4.6 HIGHER EDUCATION IN ASIA ................................................................................................................................. 72 4.7 HIGHER EDUCATION LANDSCAPE IN ASIA ................................................................................................................. 79 4.7.1 East Asia ............................................................................................................................................... 79 4.7.2 South East Asia .................................................................................................................................... 80 4.7.3 South Asia ............................................................................................................................................ 82 4.7.4 Central Asia .......................................................................................................................................... 84 4.7.5 Western Asia ........................................................................................................................................ 85 4.8 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HIGHER EDUCATION ......................................................................................................... 87 4.9 IGOS IN ASIA .................................................................................................................................................... 88 5 MODELS OF CHANGE: IGOS’ ROLE IN ASIAN HIGHER EDUCATION ............................................................... 90 5.1 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) ................................................ 92 5.1.1 A glance at UNESCO ............................................................................................................................. 92 5.1.1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................ 92 5.1.1.2 Structure and governance: UNESCO Organs .............................................................................................. 94 5.1.1.3 Activities and functions of UNESCO ........................................................................................................... 96 5.1.1.4 UNESCO and other IGOs ............................................................................................................................ 96 5.1.1.5 UNESCO Networks in the world ................................................................................................................. 98 Africa .................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Arab States ......................................................................................................................................................... 100 Asia and Pacific ................................................................................................................................................... 100 Europe and North America ................................................................................................................................. 101 Latin America and the Caribbean ....................................................................................................................... 101 Liaison Offices ..................................................................................................................................................... 102 5.1.1.6 UNESCO and Education ............................................................................................................................ 103 5.1.1.6.1 Education for All (EFA) ........................................................................................................................ 103 5.1.1.6.2 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ..................................................................................... 104 5.1.1.6.3 The United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) ............................... 104 5.1.1.7 UNESCO institutes and centers ................................................................................................................ 104 5.1.1.7.1 International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) ....................................................................... 107 5.1.1.8 UNESCO and its partners ......................................................................................................................... 108
v 5.1.1.8.1 Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) ........................................................................................... 108 5.1.1.8.2 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)........................................................................................... 109 5.1.1.8.3 United Nations agencies (UN) ............................................................................................................. 112 5.1.1.8.4 Multilateral / Bilateral agencies .......................................................................................................... 112 5.1.2 Role of UNESCO in the higher education............................................................................................ 113 5.1.2.1 UNESCO’s legal contribution to higher education ................................................................................... 115 5.1.2.2 Role of IGOs in implementing and achieving the right to education ....................................................... 117 5.1.2.3 UNESCO’s areas of action in higher education ........................................................................................ 119 5.1.2.4 Reforms and Innovation........................................................................................................................... 120 5.1.2.5 International University Cooperation ...................................................................................................... 120 5.1.2.6 UNESCO Chairs/ UNITWIN Network......................................................................................................... 121 5.1.2.6.1 UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN program in World ............................................................................... 121 5.1.2.7 Open Distant Education (ODL) ................................................................................................................. 125 5.1.2.8 Quality assurance ..................................................................................................................................... 126 5.1.2.8.1 Global Initiative for Quality Assurance Capacity ................................................................................. 126 5.1.2.9 Recognition .............................................................................................................................................. 127 5.1.2.10 Teacher Education ................................................................................................................................... 128 5.1.2.11 How does UNESCO achieve its objectives? .............................................................................................. 129 5.1.2.11.1 UNESCO World conferences on higher education .............................................................................. 129 The World Conference on Higher Education in the Twenty-first Century: Vision and Action, 1998 .................. 130 Meeting of Higher Education Partners (WCHE +5), 2003 ................................................................................... 130 World Conference on Higher Education 2009 .................................................................................................... 131 5.1.2.11.2 UNESCO initiatives and outcomes in Asia Pacific region .................................................................... 131 5.1.2.12 UNESCO and Asia Pacific region ............................................................................................................... 132 5.1.2.13 Cluster offices .......................................................................................................................................... 133 Cluster offices in Asia-Pacific and Arab region ................................................................................................... 133 Regional bureaus ................................................................................................................................................ 134 5.1.3 UNESCO in Asia: Bangkok regional office .......................................................................................... 135 5.1.3.1 UNESCO Bangkok Programs ..................................................................................................................... 137 5.1.3.2 Asian Program of Educational Innovation for Development (APEID)....................................................... 139 5.1.3.3 How does APEID contribute to Higher Education? .................................................................................. 140 5.1.3.3.1 Promotion of mobility in higher education......................................................................................... 140 5.1.3.3.2 Guideline on cross border Higher education ...................................................................................... 141 5.1.3.3.3 Teacher Education .............................................................................................................................. 142 5.1.3.3.4 Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) ................................................................... 142 5.1.3.3.5 Information and Communication Technologies in Education (ICT) .................................................... 142 5.1.4 UNESCO-Bangkok office role in the development of higher education in Asia .................................. 143 5.1.5 Criticism on UNESCO .......................................................................................................................... 148 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 149
Page 1 and 2: Higher education in Asian countries
Page 4 and 5: ii Dedicated to my parents
Page 6 and 7: ii 3 CONCEPTUAL WORK ..............
Page 10 and 11: vi 5.2 ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO
Page 12 and 13: viii 5.3.8.1.2.2 The Robert S. McNa
Page 14 and 15: Figures x Table 24 The World Bank i
Page 16 and 17: xii Abbreviations ADB Asian Develop
Page 18 and 19: xiv UNLD United Nations Literacy De
Page 20 and 21: 2 productivity that has become esse
Page 22 and 23: 4 Central Commission for Navigation
Page 24 and 25: 6 and international levels and over
Page 26 and 27: 1 Presentation of the research 1.1
Page 28 and 29: 10 tertiary level is less than 15%,
Page 30 and 31: 12 These hypotheses are general in
Page 32 and 33: 14 the scope of the study and by de
Page 34 and 35: 16 Participation observation to ha
Page 36 and 37: 18 The count of IGO‟s activities
Page 38 and 39: 20 aims, objectives, priorities and
Page 40 and 41: 22 important actors at internationa
Page 42 and 43: 24 capital theory in order to study
Page 44 and 45: 26 performed by that organization.
Page 46 and 47: 28 According to Bernoux (1985) “E
Page 48 and 49: 30 Before World War I, IGOs were mo
Page 50 and 51: 32 3.3.2 Classification on the basi
Page 52 and 53: 34 council exercise certain of its
Page 54 and 55: 3.3.4.1.1 Hybrid character 36 Conve
Page 56 and 57: 3.4 Theories of International Organ
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40 translate into loss of powers if
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3.4.4.1 Neo-institutionalism 42 Neo
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44 socio-economic development at na
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46 changing needs and meet the new
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48 Game theory deals with parties (
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50 perfect information and imperfec
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3.5.1.2 Cooperative game 52 In a co
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54 economic development, national n
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3.6 Definition of higher education
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58 between 17 to 20 years and durat
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4 Asia and higher education 4.1 Int
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1. East Asia: China, Japan, Mongoli
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65 Similarly in East Asian region a
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4.3 History of Education 67 Educati
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69 institutions, financing and fund
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71 because in these economies the e
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73 capacity, and for developing oth
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75 This region is passing through a
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77 Whereas the average value for As
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79 is evident from the state polici
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81 Thailand and Malaysia are the le
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83 According to the World Bank, wid
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Source: The University of Texas Lib
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4.8 Economic Growth and higher educ
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89 provide objective and effective
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91 purpose of existence and t three
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93 general and of human knowledge,
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95 To approve the draft program sub
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97 non UN intergovernmental organiz
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99 The Bureau of Field Coordination
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101 4. UNESCO Office in Beijing - C
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Chairs And Networks Field Offices 5
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105 and centers function as capacit
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107 5.1.1.7.1 International Institu
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7. Caribbean Development Bank 8. Co
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111 34. International Association o
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113 5. Netherlands Organization for
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115 friendly policies and strategie
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117 Protocol Instituting a Concili
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119 In today‟s globalized world i
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121 and a bridge between research,
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Figure 9 Distribution of UNESCO cha
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5.1.2.7 Open Distant Education (ODL
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127 In this regard both organizatio
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129 At national level UNESCO, throu
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131 was adopted by WCHE in 1998, to
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5.1.2.13 Cluster offices 133 A clus
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2. Jakarta Regional Bureau for Scie
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137 Regional Bureau for Education B
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139 Assessment, Information System
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141 concerned. It assists in the pr
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143 5.1.4 UNESCO-Bangkok office rol
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145 has produced 51 publications on
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147 In the field of higher educatio
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Summary 149 UNESCO is the heir of I
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151 policy reforms. APEID is contri
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5.2.2 History and creation of OECD
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5.2.3.2 Council 155 Governance stru
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157 Directorate for Employment, Lab
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159 Non-Members (CCNM) develops and
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161 laws against spam. They may als
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163 5.2.5.1.1 Program for Internati
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165 students, at age 15, are prepar
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167 The CELE is actively working to
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169 33rd session of its General Con
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171 Phase 2: an exploration of appr
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173 European Federation for Retirem
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UN Development Group (UNDG) UN Deve
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177 5.2.8 OECD in the World and its
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179 Status of the Asian Countries i
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181 Knowledge based economy and inf
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183 documents belongs to these cate
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185 A large part of the OECD‟s ac
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5.3.1 A glance at the World Bank 18
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of payments and international reser
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191 these countries to meet the ter
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193 by the president of the World B
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5.3.2 The World Bank 195 The World
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197 including early childhood educa
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Member states of: 199 All five WBG
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201 The European Bank for Reconstru
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203 transforming and changing in al
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205 graduate studies that are award
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207 despite of two economic recessi
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209 Summary of the total lending in
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211 education sector where 21% of t
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213 West Asia comprises of 15 sover
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215 South East Asia where the Bank
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217 Several projects successfully
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219 infrastructure development; fro
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221 The Independent Evaluation Grou
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223 countries has achieved 100% GER
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225 universities. State and institu
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Malaysia 227 In Malaysia all educat
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229 primary, secondary and tertiary
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231 government gave more focus to v
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233 transform the higher education
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235 Development (DESD) in 2005, UNE
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237 The time series data, from 1970
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239 Present higher education system
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241 toolkits for teachers and other
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243 these legal instruments. IIEP i
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245 partner countries in Asia and n
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6.3 Response to research questions
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7 Discussion 249 What is the role o
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251 development of human capital, w
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253 In the 1980s the differences be
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255 certainly today we have had a d
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7.4 A shift in IGOs’ stance 257 A
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259 as responsive and high quality
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261 education. The following table
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Conclusions 263 The increased numbe
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265 the countries, for the last two
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267 Outcomes; quality teaching in h
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269 Barnett, M., & Press, M. F. (20
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271 Dincauze, D. F. (2000). Environ
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273 IIEP-UNESCO. (2010). Strategic
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275 McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (200
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277 Powersa, J. B., & McDougall, P.
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279 The World Bank. (2000). Higher
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281 UNESCO. (2010). Recognition of
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283 Yusuf, S. (2007). University-In
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285 is awarded by an institution of
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287 identifying, formulating, and i
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289 Annex II- List of the UNESCO-AP
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291 20th AAOU Annual Conference: Re
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1997-1998 293 Regional Conference o
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Source: Table is based on the data
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Net enrolment rate. Secondary. All
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299 School life expectancy (years).
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301 Educational expenditure by natu
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303 . Public expenditure per pupil
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305 Arab and European States Border
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. 307 Convention on the Recognition
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309 Higher education UNESCO-Bangkok
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. . 311 A glance at education Repub
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. A glance at education Philippines
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315 A glance at education in India
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317 A glance at education in Afghan
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319 A glance at education Syrian Ar
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Annex VI - List of the UNESCO Chair
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323 UNITWIN Network on emergency pr
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325 UNITWIN Network on Economics Te
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327 Major higher education UNESCO p
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Résumé L'augmentation du nombre d
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331 comment, quand et pourquoi ces
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333 laboratoire d'idées, un produc
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335 différents. Le bureau de Bangk
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337 Direction de l'Education de l'O
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339 spécialisées de l'ONU, dix-se
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341 Les résultats des activités d
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L’OCDE 343 OCDE n'est pas puremen
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Author’s introduction Mr. Amjad A
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