Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...

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3.4.3 Idealism ................................................................................................................................................ 40
3.4.4 Institutionalism .................................................................................................................................... 41
3.4.4.1 Neo-institutionalism .................................................................................................................................. 42
3.4.4.2 Institutional liberalism ............................................................................................................................... 42
3.4.4.3 Neoliberal Institutionalism ......................................................................................................................... 42
3.4.5 Other schools ....................................................................................................................................... 43
3.4.5.1 Cognitivism ................................................................................................................................................ 43
3.4.5.2 Transnationalism........................................................................................................................................ 43
3.4.5.3 Constructivism ........................................................................................................................................... 44
3.4.5.4 Behavioralism ............................................................................................................................................ 44
3.4.5.5 Functionalism ............................................................................................................................................. 45
3.4.5.6 Globalization .............................................................................................................................................. 46
3.4.5.7 Intergovernmentalism ............................................................................................................................... 46
3.4.5.8 Game Theory.............................................................................................................................................. 47
3.4.5.9 Actor network theory (ANT)....................................................................................................................... 48
3.5 GAME THEORY AND IGOS .................................................................................................................................... 49
3.5.1 Studying IGOs through Game theory ................................................................................................... 49
3.5.1.1 Coordination game theory ......................................................................................................................... 50
3.5.1.2 Cooperative game ...................................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.2 Growth of IGOs .................................................................................................................................... 54
3.5.3 Organization as field of study .............................................................................................................. 54
3.5.3.1 Sociology and organization ........................................................................................................................ 55
3.6 DEFINITION OF HIGHER EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................ 56
3.6.1 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) ................................................................. 57
3.6.2 ISCED 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 57
3.6.3 ISCED 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 58
3.6.4 ISCED 5A ............................................................................................................................................... 58
3.6.5 ISCED 5B ............................................................................................................................................... 58
4 ASIA AND HIGHER EDUCATION ................................................................................................................... 60
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASIA ....................................................................................................................................... 60
4.1.1 The name “Asia” .................................................................................................................................. 60
4.1.2 Geography of Asia ................................................................................................................................ 62
4.1.3 What makes Asia ................................................................................................................................. 62
4.2 SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 63
4.2.1 Socio-Political history of Asia ............................................................................................................... 63
4.2.2 Major Asian civilizations ...................................................................................................................... 64