Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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iii<br />
3.4.3 Idealism ................................................................................................................................................ 40<br />
3.4.4 Institutionalism .................................................................................................................................... 41<br />
3.4.4.1 Neo-<strong>in</strong>stitutionalism .................................................................................................................................. 42<br />
3.4.4.2 Institutional liberalism ............................................................................................................................... 42<br />
3.4.4.3 Neoliberal Institutionalism ......................................................................................................................... 42<br />
3.4.5 O<strong>the</strong>r schools ....................................................................................................................................... 43<br />
3.4.5.1 Cognitivism ................................................................................................................................................ 43<br />
3.4.5.2 Transnationalism........................................................................................................................................ 43<br />
3.4.5.3 Constructivism ........................................................................................................................................... 44<br />
3.4.5.4 Behavioralism ............................................................................................................................................ 44<br />
3.4.5.5 Functionalism ............................................................................................................................................. 45<br />
3.4.5.6 Globalization .............................................................................................................................................. 46<br />
3.4.5.7 Intergovernmentalism ............................................................................................................................... 46<br />
3.4.5.8 Game Theory.............................................................................................................................................. 47<br />
3.4.5.9 Actor network <strong>the</strong>ory (ANT)....................................................................................................................... 48<br />
3.5 GAME THEORY AND IGOS .................................................................................................................................... 49<br />
3.5.1 Study<strong>in</strong>g IGOs through Game <strong>the</strong>ory ................................................................................................... 49<br />
3.5.1.1 Coord<strong>in</strong>ation game <strong>the</strong>ory ......................................................................................................................... 50<br />
3.5.1.2 Cooperative game ...................................................................................................................................... 52<br />
3.5.2 Growth <strong>of</strong> IGOs .................................................................................................................................... 54<br />
3.5.3 Organization as field <strong>of</strong> study .............................................................................................................. 54<br />
3.5.3.1 Sociology <strong>and</strong> organization ........................................................................................................................ 55<br />
3.6 DEFINITION OF HIGHER EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................ 56<br />
3.6.1 International St<strong>and</strong>ard Classification <strong>of</strong> Education (ISCED) ................................................................. 57<br />
3.6.2 ISCED 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 57<br />
3.6.3 ISCED 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 58<br />
3.6.4 ISCED 5A ............................................................................................................................................... 58<br />
3.6.5 ISCED 5B ............................................................................................................................................... 58<br />
4 ASIA AND HIGHER EDUCATION ................................................................................................................... 60<br />
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASIA ....................................................................................................................................... 60<br />
4.1.1 The name “Asia” .................................................................................................................................. 60<br />
4.1.2 Geography <strong>of</strong> Asia ................................................................................................................................ 62<br />
4.1.3 What makes Asia ................................................................................................................................. 62<br />
4.2 SOME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 63<br />
4.2.1 Socio-Political history <strong>of</strong> Asia ............................................................................................................... 63<br />
4.2.2 Major <strong>Asian</strong> civilizations ...................................................................................................................... 64