Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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chang<strong>in</strong>g needs <strong>and</strong> meet <strong>the</strong> new challenges by exploit<strong>in</strong>g modern knowledge <strong>and</strong> developed<br />
human capital. Functionalism also provides a foundation for globalization <strong>the</strong>ory.<br />
3.4.5.6 Globalization<br />
Globalism is <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>verse <strong>of</strong> localism. The process <strong>of</strong> globalization had started with <strong>the</strong> open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><br />
Silk Route thous<strong>and</strong>s years back but dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> twentieth century it got momentum because <strong>of</strong><br />
multiple factors: fast mean <strong>of</strong> communications <strong>and</strong> transport; existence <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
agreements <strong>and</strong> organizations; massive movement <strong>of</strong> people <strong>and</strong> mass migration; transnational<br />
<strong>and</strong> mult<strong>in</strong>ational economic activities; competition for new markets <strong>and</strong> resources.<br />
Globalism is a doctr<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> which <strong>the</strong> entire world is regarded as <strong>the</strong> appropriate sphere for a<br />
state's <strong>in</strong>fluence (The American Heritag Dictionary, 2009). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this <strong>the</strong>ory <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire world is placed above those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividual states <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational actors.<br />
Globalists believe that IOs <strong>and</strong> IGOs are key players <strong>in</strong> facilitat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational cooperation <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> provision <strong>of</strong> common platform to achieve <strong>in</strong>ternational objectives, to solve mutual<br />
problems <strong>and</strong> to overcome <strong>the</strong> barriers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> globalization. Globalist consider IGOs <strong>the</strong><br />
future <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world: as it is evident from <strong>the</strong> expansion <strong>and</strong> extension <strong>of</strong> IGOs dur<strong>in</strong>g past fifty<br />
years, <strong>and</strong> it is also apparent from present <strong>role</strong> <strong>of</strong> IGOs <strong>in</strong> war, peace, socio-economic<br />
development <strong>and</strong> environment protection. For example, UNO, NATO, The World Bank, IMF,<br />
UNESCO, UNEP, WTO<br />
3.4.5.7 Intergovernmentalism<br />
Interaction <strong>and</strong> cooperation among governments gave birth to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>ory <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ter-<br />
governmentalism whereas <strong>the</strong> conception <strong>of</strong> IGOs fur<strong>the</strong>r re<strong>in</strong>forced this idea. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Oxford dictionary, “<strong>in</strong>ter-governmentalism is both a <strong>the</strong>ory <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>and</strong> a method <strong>of</strong><br />
decision-mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations that allows states to cooperate <strong>in</strong> specific fields<br />
while reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir sovereignty” (Oxford Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Politics, 1996). The doctr<strong>in</strong>e <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ter-<br />
governmentalism holds that national government is <strong>the</strong> face <strong>and</strong> force <strong>of</strong> a state, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> behavior<br />
<strong>of</strong> any state depends upon <strong>the</strong> actions <strong>and</strong> policies <strong>of</strong> national government. Likewise national<br />
government has an <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> it affects <strong>the</strong> behavior <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational actors<br />
represent<strong>in</strong>g that government. The core objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ter-governmentalism is to achieve<br />
<strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>of</strong> states, facilitated by <strong>the</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> IGOs, to atta<strong>in</strong> common goals without shar<strong>in</strong>g<br />
power with o<strong>the</strong>r actors. Inter-governmentalists stress upon <strong>in</strong>terstate cooperation <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegration