Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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socio-economic development at national <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational levels. Trans-nationalism favors those<br />
flexible models <strong>of</strong> IGOs where <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>and</strong> groups <strong>and</strong> governments work collectively.<br />
3.4.5.3 Constructivism<br />
Constructivism rema<strong>in</strong>ed an <strong>in</strong>fluenced school <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational relations <strong>and</strong> politics,<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g 20 th century. Contrary to behavioralists, constructivists hold that <strong>the</strong> behavior <strong>of</strong> humans<br />
is shaped by societal values, culture, <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>and</strong> state. Constructivism regards <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
relations as conditional phenomena, ra<strong>the</strong>r than <strong>in</strong>evitable consequences <strong>of</strong> human nature or<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r essential characteristics <strong>of</strong> world politics (Jackson & Nexon, 2003). This <strong>the</strong>ory looks to<br />
<strong>the</strong> humanities <strong>and</strong> sociology for <strong>in</strong>sights <strong>in</strong>to how „„reality” is socially constructed (Katzenste<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Keohane, & Krasner, 1998). Accord<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> constructivism <strong>the</strong>ory, IGOs are socially constructed<br />
entities where <strong>in</strong>dividual actors, groups or states cont<strong>in</strong>uously construct <strong>the</strong> reality that shapes<br />
<strong>the</strong> behavior <strong>of</strong> organization, which is evident from its decisions <strong>and</strong> actions. Some<br />
constructivists ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that IGOs play a vital, <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>role</strong> <strong>in</strong> spread<strong>in</strong>g global norms<br />
(Koremenos, Lipson, & Snidal, 2001).<br />
Constructivism <strong>and</strong> rationalism are generic <strong>the</strong>oretical orientations that are complementary on<br />
some crucial po<strong>in</strong>ts (Katzenste<strong>in</strong>, Keohane, & Krasner, 1998). Constructivism <strong>the</strong>ory, contrary to<br />
neo-realist <strong>the</strong>ory, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> a supreme authority at <strong>in</strong>ternational level or<br />
hegemony state favors <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>and</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> IGOs, which enhance state-state <strong>in</strong>teraction<br />
<strong>and</strong> cooperation, <strong>and</strong> promotes <strong>in</strong>ternational norms <strong>and</strong> rules consequently it construct stability<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. After <strong>the</strong> cold war, <strong>the</strong>orists <strong>and</strong> practitioners <strong>of</strong> constructivism started lay<strong>in</strong>g more<br />
stress on sociological perspective based on shared norms <strong>and</strong> values (Katzenste<strong>in</strong>, Keohane, &<br />
Krasner, 1998).<br />
3.4.5.4 Behavioralism<br />
Behavior is <strong>the</strong> response <strong>of</strong> an <strong>in</strong>dividual or a group to an environment or to someone‟s action<br />
whereas behaviorism is a school <strong>of</strong> thought <strong>in</strong> psychology that takes <strong>the</strong> objective evidence <strong>and</strong><br />
excludes subjective phenomena <strong>of</strong> behavior by study<strong>in</strong>g observable <strong>and</strong> quantifiable aspects <strong>of</strong><br />
behavior. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r h<strong>and</strong> behavioralism is an approach used <strong>in</strong> political science to study <strong>the</strong><br />
observable <strong>and</strong> quantifiable phenomenon at national <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational level through scientific<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> actions, reactions <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>teractions <strong>of</strong>/among <strong>in</strong>dividuals, states, <strong>in</strong>stitutions or<br />
organization.