Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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43<br />
(1988) “<strong>in</strong>stitutions are described by neoliberals as persistent <strong>and</strong> connected sets <strong>of</strong> rules (formal<br />
or <strong>in</strong>formal) that prescribe behavioral <strong>role</strong>s, constra<strong>in</strong> activity, <strong>and</strong> shape expectations.”<br />
3.4.5 O<strong>the</strong>r schools<br />
There are many o<strong>the</strong>r schools also, which can be helpful <strong>in</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> formation, function<br />
<strong>and</strong> behavior <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tergovernmental organizations.<br />
3.4.5.1 Cognitivism<br />
Cognitivism ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>s that <strong>in</strong>stitutions are <strong>the</strong> product <strong>of</strong> human m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>and</strong> it is bra<strong>in</strong> based<br />
development ra<strong>the</strong>r than response to environment as ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed by behaviorism. Basically<br />
cognitivism is an approach <strong>in</strong> underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> function <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>stitutions through<br />
<strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> men who are <strong>the</strong> creator <strong>of</strong> whole <strong>in</strong>ternational political system <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
IGOs. Cognitivism does not refute behaviorism <strong>the</strong>ory completely but ra<strong>the</strong>r an expansion by<br />
accept<strong>in</strong>g that mental states exist. Cognitivism encompasses all forms <strong>of</strong> realism, <strong>and</strong> as well as<br />
anti-realism. This doctr<strong>in</strong>e became a dom<strong>in</strong>ant force <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> late-20th century. Cognitivists expla<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> existence <strong>of</strong> IGOs by hold<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> premise that actors‟ behavior is not completely shaped by<br />
only material <strong>in</strong>terests but by <strong>the</strong> <strong>role</strong> that <strong>the</strong>y play at national <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational level. So <strong>the</strong><br />
past experience <strong>of</strong> actors plays an important <strong>role</strong> <strong>in</strong> def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> IGOs. Cognitivists<br />
typically try to support <strong>the</strong>ir position by seek<strong>in</strong>g out analogies between moral discourse, on <strong>the</strong><br />
one h<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> scientific <strong>and</strong> everyday factual discourse, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r (Britannica Concise<br />
Encyclopedia, 2011). Likewise <strong>the</strong> study <strong>of</strong> IGOs is <strong>in</strong>complete without tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to account <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>ter-subjectivity: IGOs have deep roots <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational social structure <strong>and</strong> are responsive to<br />
change but based on rationality <strong>and</strong> morality.<br />
3.4.5.2 Transnationalism<br />
The word Trans-nationalism was co<strong>in</strong>ed by R.S. Bourne (1884-1918), it describes ever<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>teraction <strong>of</strong> nations <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>uously reced<strong>in</strong>g importance <strong>of</strong> state boundaries <strong>in</strong><br />
term <strong>of</strong> economic, cultural, social <strong>and</strong> human rights activities. In <strong>in</strong>ternationalism <strong>the</strong><br />
cooperation is at nation-state <strong>and</strong> government level while <strong>in</strong> trans-nationalism <strong>in</strong>dividuals,<br />
groups, <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational actors all have specific <strong>role</strong>s to play. Trans-nationalists<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten de-emphasize <strong>the</strong> state as primary <strong>and</strong> unitary actor <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational scenario (Viotti, 1987),<br />
<strong>and</strong> stress upon <strong>the</strong> more enhanced <strong>role</strong> <strong>of</strong> non-governmental organizations ra<strong>the</strong>r than IGOs <strong>in</strong>