Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...

3.3.1 Classification on the basis of nature
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The method of classification based upon the nature and character of organizations is
conventional and much broader. According to UIA, on the basis of nature, IOs can be classified
into three sub-headings: Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), International
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and Multinational enterprises
3.3.1.1 Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs),
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) institutions created and joined by states‟ governments,
which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the
global agenda (UIA, 2011). IGOs are formal institutions comprised primarily of sovereign states,
which are called member states and other intergovernmental and/ or international organizations
(e.g. UN, EU, NATO, IMF, G8, etc). IGOs have permanent staff, which is housed in secretariat.
An IGO may have a narrow or broad purpose and similarly its membership can be limited or
open but always base on some criteria.
3.3.1.2 International non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
There doesn‟t exist a single definition of international NGO. The difference between INGOs and
IGOs has been explained by UN Economic and Social Council in its Resolution 288(x) 1950 as,
every international organization, which is not created by means of inter-governmental agreement
shall be considered as a non-governmental international organization. Both abbreviations,
INGOs and NGOs, are in vogue and are used interchangeably. Usually INGOs are nonprofit
private organizations financed by the members and other contributions. Amnesty International,
Greenpeace, International Committee for Red Cross
3.3.1.3 Multinational enterprises (MNE)
Multinational enterprises have no single definition but there are some traits, which help
distinguish it from other entities: multi or trans-national enterprises are usually formal business
associations, which manage production or deliver services in more than one country. These
MNEs have well defined charters, their own privileges and liabilities. Business dictionary has
defined an MNE as “an enterprise operating in several countries but managed from one (home)
country is called MNE” (Business Dictionary , 2010). According to UN estimates, there are more
than 35,000 firms in the world and 100 of them control about 40 percent of world trade.