Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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3.2 History <strong>of</strong> International Organization: IGOs<br />
The history <strong>of</strong> International Organizations (IOs) is not very old. The technological development<br />
<strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>eteenth century, new means <strong>of</strong> communication <strong>and</strong> transportation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> telegraph,<br />
steam ships <strong>and</strong> railroads, fur<strong>the</strong>r enforced by economic development based on <strong>in</strong>dustrial<br />
revolution created <strong>and</strong> promoted <strong>in</strong>terdependence among states to safeguard mutual <strong>in</strong>terests<br />
through cooperation <strong>and</strong> association. As a result a new era <strong>of</strong> cross border cooperation through<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational organizations took birth <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> first <strong>in</strong>ternational organization was established <strong>in</strong><br />
France; <strong>the</strong> Central Commission for Navigation on <strong>the</strong> Rh<strong>in</strong>e or Commission Centrale pour la<br />
Navigation du Rh<strong>in</strong> (CCNR) <strong>in</strong> 1815. It is <strong>the</strong> oldest exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational organization also. The<br />
CCNR is an <strong>in</strong>tergovernmental organization <strong>and</strong> its purpose is to guarantee <strong>the</strong> security for<br />
navigation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> river Rh<strong>in</strong>e that is one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> largest rivers <strong>of</strong> Europe. The CCNR comprises <strong>of</strong><br />
five members: Belgium, France, Germany, Ne<strong>the</strong>rl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong>. Though <strong>the</strong>re existed<br />
number <strong>of</strong> International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs) dur<strong>in</strong>g n<strong>in</strong>eteenth century<br />
that were engaged <strong>in</strong> humanitarian, religious, economic, <strong>education</strong>al, scientific, political, <strong>and</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r matters, it was rare for INGO to sit at <strong>the</strong> table next to governments to solve <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
issues (Thompson & Snidal, 2000). And it was possible through IGOs only.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> next fifty years, after <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> CCNR, only three IGOs appeared on <strong>the</strong><br />
horizon: Superior Council <strong>of</strong> Health (1838-1914), European Commission for Control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Danube (1856-1939) <strong>and</strong> International Telecommunication Union, ITU (1865, now ITU is a<br />
specialized agency <strong>of</strong> United Nations). Accord<strong>in</strong>g Wallace <strong>and</strong> S<strong>in</strong>ger (1970), only twenty three<br />
<strong>in</strong>tergovernmental organizations (IGOs) had been established, dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>19th century, eleven <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>m are active until today. In twentieth century <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> IGOs grew rapidly; <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first<br />
half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> century <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> active IGOs was more than 200 (Wallace & S<strong>in</strong>ger, 1970),<br />
while <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> second half an explosion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> IOs was witnessed <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir number multiplied; by<br />
1980 <strong>the</strong>y numbered more than 600 (Jacobson, 1984) <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 2009, accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Year Book <strong>of</strong><br />
International Organization, <strong>the</strong> population <strong>of</strong> IGOs <strong>in</strong>creased six times: more than 3000 IGOs<br />
<strong>and</strong> over 64000 <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations (IOs), which are active <strong>in</strong> 300 <strong>countries</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
territories <strong>in</strong> virtually covers all sectors <strong>and</strong> fields (UIA, 2010).