Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international ...
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253<br />
In <strong>the</strong> 1980s <strong>the</strong> differences between realism <strong>and</strong> liberalism were sharpened as neo-realists <strong>and</strong><br />
neoliberals debated <strong>the</strong> relative merits <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir contrast<strong>in</strong>g analytical programs <strong>and</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
same period a new debate between constructivism <strong>and</strong> rationalism has become more prom<strong>in</strong>ent<br />
(Katzenste<strong>in</strong>, Keohane, & Krasner, 1998). The end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cold war removed many barriers <strong>and</strong><br />
brought new <strong>the</strong> prospects for IOs to exp<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>role</strong>s, functions, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> global governance<br />
became brighter (Diehl, 2005). This also signaled a new era <strong>of</strong> open economy <strong>and</strong> enhanced<br />
globalization. These new developments led to transformation <strong>of</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ories <strong>and</strong> birth <strong>of</strong><br />
new <strong>the</strong>ories as well. After <strong>the</strong> cold war, <strong>the</strong>ories <strong>and</strong> practitioners <strong>of</strong> constructivism laid more<br />
stress on sociological perspective, shared norms <strong>and</strong> values (Katzenste<strong>in</strong>, Keohane, & Krasner,<br />
1998). Exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ories related to <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations provide diverse approaches to<br />
study <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciples <strong>and</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational organizations. Each <strong>the</strong>ory has<br />
its own importance, pace <strong>and</strong> place so better underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g on IOs dem<strong>and</strong>s not to stick with any<br />
one <strong>the</strong>ory. Hacck <strong>and</strong> Mathiason have found that abundant <strong>the</strong>ories have been developed <strong>in</strong> an<br />
attempt to study <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational organization but <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>ories are <strong>of</strong>ten not tested aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>the</strong><br />
realities (Haack & Mathiason, 2010).<br />
Intergovernmental organizations function<strong>in</strong>g around <strong>the</strong> world do not have <strong>the</strong> same<br />
organizational structure, ra<strong>the</strong>r it depends upon <strong>the</strong> reason or purpose <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir existence, nature <strong>of</strong><br />
work, level <strong>of</strong> action, geographical area covered, type <strong>of</strong> service provided etc. So International<br />
organization can be been classified on <strong>the</strong> basis its nature, function, structure <strong>and</strong> field <strong>of</strong> action:<br />
Legal, cooperative, non-governmental, <strong>in</strong>tergovernmental, national, <strong>in</strong>ternational, social,<br />
economic, political, terrorist, religious, not for pr<strong>of</strong>it, humanitarian, umbrella or agency. Many<br />
IGOs perform only limited functions, such as guidel<strong>in</strong>es, coord<strong>in</strong>ation, research <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> dissem<strong>in</strong>ation. In such cases organizations are feeble actors <strong>and</strong> have a limited <strong>role</strong><br />
to play so <strong>the</strong>y should not be held responsible for whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> larger problem is solved (Gutner<br />
<strong>and</strong> Thompson 2010). As <strong>the</strong> goals vary from organization to organization which are <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
<strong>in</strong>tangible <strong>in</strong> form thus development <strong>of</strong> adequate measures <strong>of</strong> organizational effectiveness has<br />
been very difficult (Marcus <strong>and</strong> Cafagna 1965).<br />
Modern concept <strong>of</strong> IGOs-state <strong>in</strong>teraction is a complex process, which is based upon different<br />
types <strong>of</strong> mutual cooperation at different levels. Similarly creat<strong>in</strong>g an environment <strong>of</strong> trust <strong>and</strong><br />
cooperation among <strong>in</strong>ternational actors is a complicated equation because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> diversity <strong>in</strong><br />
national <strong>in</strong>terests <strong>and</strong> priorities <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> states. Hence it is difficult to create <strong>and</strong> apply a s<strong>in</strong>gle